praetorian-inc/nervaFast service fingerprinting CLI for 170+ protocols (TCP/UDP/SCTP) - built by Praetorian
<img width="2976" height="1440" alt="Nerva - Fast service fingerprinting CLI for network reconnaissance supporting 170+ protocols" src="https://assets.kitploit.com/production/public/readmes/12252/3a0b59e2929fa8fdc41aafe4cb8649e3e85f0ba5f9df8128f7f3f952d70b0018.webp" />
<h1 align="center">
Nerva
<br>
<sub>Nerva: Fast Service Fingerprinting CLI</sub>
</h1>
<p align="center">
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</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="#features">Features</a> •
<a href="#installation">Installation</a> •
<a href="#quick-start">Quick Start</a> •
<a href="#usage">Usage</a> •
<a href="#supported-protocols">Protocols</a> •
<a href="#library-usage">Library</a> •
<a href="#use-cases">Use Cases</a> •
<a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a>
</p>
> **High-performance service fingerprinting written in Go.** Identify 170+ network protocols across TCP, UDP, and SCTP transports with rich metadata extraction.
Nerva rapidly detects and identifies services running on open network ports. Use it alongside port scanners like [Naabu](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/naabu) to fingerprint discovered services, or integrate it into your security pipelines for automated reconnaissance.
## Features
- **170+ Protocol Plugins** — Databases, remote access, web services, messaging, industrial, and telecom protocols
- **76 HTTP Fingerprinters** — Detect web technologies including firewalls, databases, AI/LLM servers, and more
- **Security Misconfiguration Detection** — Identify common security issues like unauthenticated APIs and cleartext protocols (`--misconfigs`)
- **Multi-Transport Support** — TCP (default), UDP (`--udp`), and SCTP (`--sctp`, Linux only)
- **Proxy Support** — Route scanning traffic transparently through SOCKS5 or HTTP proxies with configurable DNS resolution
- **Rich Metadata** — Extract versions, configurations, and security-relevant details from each service
- **Fast Mode** — Scan only default ports for rapid reconnaissance (`--fast`)
- **Flexible Output** — JSON, CSV, or human-readable formats
- **Pipeline Friendly** — Pipe from Naabu, Nmap, or any tool that outputs `host:port`
- **Go Library** — Import directly into your Go applications
## Installation
### Releases
Download a prebuilt binary from the [Releases](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/releases) page.
### From GitHub
```sh
go install github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/cmd/nerva@latest
```
### From Source
```sh
git clone https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva.git
cd nerva
go build ./cmd/nerva
./nerva -h
```
### Docker
```sh
git clone https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva.git
cd nerva
docker build -t nerva .
docker run --rm nerva -h
docker run --rm nerva -t example.com:80 --json
```
## Quick Start
Fingerprint a single target:
```sh
nerva -t example.com:22
# ssh://example.com:22
```
Get detailed JSON metadata:
```sh
nerva -t example.com:22 --json
# {"host":"example.com","ip":"93.184.216.34","port":22,"protocol":"ssh","transport":"tcp","metadata":{...}}
```
Pipe from a port scanner:
```sh
naabu -host example.com -silent | nerva
# http://example.com:80
# ssh://example.com:22
# https://example.com:443
```
<!-- BEGIN generated: cli-subcommands -->
<!-- END generated: cli-subcommands -->
<!-- BEGIN generated: cli-aliases -->
The full reference — every subcommand, alias and flag, including the ones hidden from `--help` — is generated into [docs/CLI.md](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/blob/main/docs/CLI.md).
<!-- END generated: cli-aliases -->
## Usage
```
nerva [flags]
TARGET SPECIFICATION:
Requires host:port or ip:port format. Assumes ports are open.
EXAMPLES:
nerva -t example.com:80
nerva -t example.com:80,example.com:443
nerva -l targets.txt
nerva --json -t example.com:80
cat targets.txt | nerva
```
### Examples
**Multiple targets:**
```sh
nerva -t example.com:22,example.com:80,example.com:443
```
**From file:**
```sh
nerva -l targets.txt --json -o results.json
```
**UDP scanning** (may require root):
```sh
sudo nerva -t example.com:53 -U
# dns://example.com:53
```
**SCTP scanning** (Linux only):
```sh
nerva -t telecom-server:3868 -S
# diameter://telecom-server:3868
```
**Fast mode** (default ports only):
```sh
nerva -l large-target-list.txt --fast --json
```
**Proxy routing with remote DNS resolution:**
```sh
nerva -t target.internal:80 --proxy socks5://127.0.0.1:1080 --dns-order p
```
### Security Misconfiguration Detection
Nerva can identify common security misconfigurations when enabled with `--misconfigs`:
```sh
nerva -t example.com:2375 --misconfigs --json
```
**Detected misconfigurations:**
| Finding ID | Severity | Description |
|------------|----------|-------------|
| `docker-unauth-api` | Critical | Docker API accessible without authentication |
| `x11-unauth-access` | Critical | X11 server allows unauthenticated connections |
| `smb-signing-not-required` | Medium | SMB signing not required (relay attack risk) |
| `telnet-cleartext` | Medium | Telnet transmits credentials in cleartext |
| `vnc-detected` | Medium | VNC detected (often weak authentication) |
| `ssh-password-auth` | Medium | Server allows password authentication |
| `ssh-weak-cipher` | Low | Server offers weak ciphers (RC4, 3DES, Blowfish) |
| `ssh-weak-kex` | Low | Server offers weak key exchange algorithms |
| `ssh-weak-mac` | Low | Server offers weak MAC algorithms |
| `ftp-cleartext` | Low | FTP transmits credentials in cleartext |
**Example output with misconfigs:**
```json
{
"host": "example.com",
"port": 2375,
"protocol": "docker",
"anonymous_access": true,
"security_findings": [
{
"id": "docker-unauth-api",
"severity": "critical",
"description": "Docker API accessible without authentication",
"evidence": "Successfully queried /version endpoint without credentials"
}
]
}
```
### Proxy Support
Nerva supports routing scanning traffic through SOCKS5 and HTTP proxies with configurable DNS resolution.
**Supported proxy schemes:**
- `socks5://` - SOCKS5 proxy with local DNS resolution
- `socks5h://` - SOCKS5 proxy with proxy-side DNS resolution (always)
- `http://` - HTTP CONNECT proxy
- `https://` - HTTPS CONNECT proxy
**Proxy authentication:**
```sh
# Inline authentication (URL format)
nerva -t example.com:80 --proxy socks5://username:[email protected]:1080
# Separate authentication flag
nerva -t example.com:80 --proxy socks5://127.0.0.1:1080 --proxy-auth username:password
```
**DNS resolution strategies** (`--dns-order`):
| Option | Strategy | Use Case |
|--------|----------|----------|
| `l` | Local only | Standard local DNS (default) |
| `p` | Proxy only | Force proxy-side DNS resolution |
| `lp` | Local, fallback to proxy | Try local first, use proxy on failure |
| `pl` | Proxy, fallback to local | Try proxy first, use local on failure |
**Note:** `socks5h://` scheme automatically forces proxy-side DNS (equivalent to `--dns-order p`)
**Tor scanning example:**
```sh
# Scan .onion services through Tor (SOCKS5 proxy on port 9050)
nerva -t http://example.onion:80 --proxy socks5h://127.0.0.1:9050
```
**UDP through proxy:**
```sh
# UDP scanning through SOCKS5 proxy (limited support)
nerva -t target.com:161 --proxy socks5://127.0.0.1:1080 --udp
```
⚠️ **UDP Limitations:** UDP through SOCKS5 has limited support. Not all SOCKS5 servers support UDP association. Local UDP fallback may occur.
**Parallel scanning with rate limiting:**
```sh
nerva -l large-target-list.txt -W 100 -H 5 -R 50 -v
```
**Graceful shutdown** (Ctrl+C returns partial results):
```sh
nerva -l huge-target-list.txt -W 50 -v
# Press Ctrl+C to stop — collected results are still printed
```
## Supported Protocols
**170+ service detection plugins** across TCP, UDP, and SCTP:
### HTTP Fingerprint Modules (66)
Technology detection for web services, organized by category:
#### Firewalls & Network Security (12)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Checkpoint | Check Point Security Gateway |
| Cisco ASA/FTD | Cisco firewall/VPN appliances |
| FortiGate | Fortinet firewall/VPN |
| GlobalProtect | Palo Alto Networks VPN |
| Juniper | Juniper SRX firewalls |
| OPNsense | OPNsense firewall |
| pfSense | pfSense firewall |
| SonicWall | SonicWall firewalls |
| AnyConnect | Cisco AnyConnect SSL VPN |
| Cisco Expressway | Cisco collaboration gateway |
| BigIP | F5 BIG-IP load balancer |
| WinRM | Windows Remote Management |
#### AI/LLM & Machine Learning (6)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Ollama | Self-hosted LLM inference server |
| LocalAI | Self-hosted LLM inference (OpenAI-compatible) |
| Open WebUI | LLM web interface (ChatGPT-style) |
| Triton | NVIDIA Triton Inference Server |
| Weaviate | Vector database for AI |
| ChromaDB | Vector database |
#### Databases & Data Stores (12)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| ArangoDB | Multi-model database |
| CockroachDB | Distributed SQL database |
| CouchDB | Apache document database |
| Elasticsearch | Search and analytics engine |
| etcd | Distributed key-value store |
| Milvus | Vector database |
| MinIO | S3-compatible object storage |
| Pinecone | Vector database |
| Redis Commander | Redis web management UI |
| TiDB | Distributed SQL database |
| YugabyteDB | Distributed SQL database |
| Qdrant | Vector database |
#### DevOps & Infrastructure (14)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Artifactory | JFrog artifact repository |
| Consul | HashiCorp service mesh |
| Docker Registry | Container image registry |
| Gitea | Self-hosted Git service |
| Grafana | Observability platform |
| Harbor | Container registry |
| Jaeger | Distributed tracing |
| Jenkins | CI/CD automation |
| Kubernetes | Container orchestration API |
| Portainer | Docker management UI |
| Prometheus | Monitoring system |
| Swagger/OpenAPI | API documentation |
| TeamCity | CI/CD server |
| Vault | HashiCorp secrets management |
#### Web Servers & Frameworks (10)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Apache HTTPD | Apache HTTP Server |
| Express.js | Node.js web framework |
| GoAhead | Embedded web server |
| Gotenberg | PDF generation service |
| Guacamole | Apache remote desktop gateway |
| SOAP | Web services |
| Tengine | Alibaba web server |
| Tomcat | Apache Tomcat |
| WordPress | CMS platform |
| UPnP | Universal Plug and Play |
#### Enterprise & Business (8)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| AEM | Adobe Experience Manager |
| Dynamics 365 | Microsoft Dynamics 365 / Power Apps |
| Oracle Service Cloud | Oracle CRM platform |
| SAP NetWeaver | SAP enterprise platform |
| Splunk | Log management platform |
| VMware Horizon | Virtual desktop infrastructure |
| QNAP QTS | NAS management |
| Exchange | Microsoft Exchange Server |
#### Home & IoT (2)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Home Assistant | Home automation platform |
| UniFi/EdgeOS | Ubiquiti network devices |
#### Other (2)
| Module | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| Go pprof | Go profiling endpoints |
| NATS | Message broker |
### Databases (20)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| PostgreSQL | TCP | 5432 |
| MySQL | TCP | 3306 |
| MSSQL | TCP | 1433 |
| Oracle | TCP | 1521 |
| MongoDB | TCP | 27017 |
| Redis | TCP/TLS | 6379, 6380 |
| Cassandra | TCP | 9042 |
| InfluxDB | TCP | 8086 |
| Neo4j | TCP/TLS | 7687 |
| DB2 | TCP | 446, 50000 |
| Sybase | TCP | 5000 |
| Firebird | TCP | 3050 |
| Memcached | TCP | 11211 |
| ZooKeeper | TCP | 2181 |
| Milvus | TCP | 19530, 9091 |
| CouchDB | HTTP | 5984 |
| Elasticsearch | HTTP | 9200 |
| ArangoDB | HTTP | 8529 |
| ChromaDB | HTTP | 8000 |
| Pinecone | HTTP | 443 |
### Remote Access (6)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| SSH | TCP | 22, 2222 |
| RDP | TCP/TLS | 3389 |
| Telnet | TCP | 23 |
| VNC | TCP | 5900 |
| AnyDesk | TCP | 7070 |
| TeamViewer | TCP | 5938 |
### Web & API (2)
| Protocol | Transport | Notes |
|----------|-----------|-------|
| HTTP/HTTPS | TCP | HTTP/2, tech detection via Wappalyzer |
| Kubernetes | TCP | API server detection |
### Messaging & Queues (10)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| Kafka | TCP/TLS | 9092, 9093 |
| MQTT 3/5 | TCP/TLS | 1883, 8883 |
| AMQP | TCP/TLS | 5672, 5671 |
| ActiveMQ | TCP/TLS | 61616, 61617 |
| NATS | TCP/TLS | 4222, 6222 |
| Pulsar | TCP/TLS | 6650, 6651 |
| SMTP | TCP/TLS | 25, 465, 587 |
| POP3 | TCP/TLS | 110, 995 |
| IMAP | TCP/TLS | 143, 993 |
| SMPP | TCP | 2775, 2776 |
### File & Directory Services (7)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| FTP | TCP | 21 |
| SMB | TCP | 445 |
| NFS | TCP/UDP | 2049 |
| Rsync | TCP | 873 |
| TFTP | UDP | 69 |
| SVN | TCP | 3690 |
| LDAP | TCP/TLS | 389, 636 |
### Network Services (11)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| DNS | TCP/UDP | 53 |
| DHCP | UDP | 67, 68 |
| NTP | UDP | 123 |
| SNMP | UDP | 161 |
| NetBIOS-NS | UDP | 137 |
| STUN | UDP | 3478 |
| OpenVPN | UDP | 1194 |
| IPsec | UDP | 500 |
| IPMI | UDP | 623 |
| CoAP | UDP | 5683 |
| Echo | TCP/UDP | 7 |
### Industrial Control Systems (18)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports | Notes |
|----------|-----------|---------------|-------|
| Modbus | TCP | 502 | SCADA/PLC |
| S7comm | TCP | 102 | Siemens PLC |
| EtherNet/IP | TCP | 44818 | Rockwell/Allen-Bradley |
| PROFINET | TCP | 34962-34964 | Siemens industrial |
| BACnet | UDP | 47808 | Building automation |
| OPC UA | TCP | 4840 | Industrial interop |
| OMRON FINS | TCP/UDP | 9600 | OMRON PLC |
| MELSEC-Q | TCP | 5006, 5007 | Mitsubishi PLC |
| KNXnet/IP | UDP | 3671 | Building automation |
| IEC 104 | TCP | 2404 | Power grid SCADA |
| DNP3 | TCP | 20000 | Power grid SCADA |
| Codesys | TCP | 1200, 2455 | PLC runtime |
| Fox | TCP | 1911 | Tridium Niagara |
| PC WORX | TCP | 1962 | Phoenix Contact |
| ProConOS | TCP | 20547 | PLC runtime |
| HART-IP | TCP | 5094 | Process automation |
| EtherCAT | UDP | 34980 | Motion control |
| Crimson v3 | TCP | 789 | Red Lion HMI |
| PCOM | TCP | 20256 | Unitronics PLC |
| GE SRTP | TCP | 18245 | GE PLC |
| ATG | TCP | 10001 | Tank gauges |
### Telecom & VoIP (17)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports | Notes |
|----------|-----------|---------------|-------|
| Diameter | TCP/SCTP | 3868 | LTE/5G AAA |
| M3UA | SCTP | 2905 | SS7 over IP |
| M2UA | SCTP | 2904 | MTP2 User Adaptation |
| M2PA | SCTP | 3565 | MTP2 Peer Adaptation |
| SGsAP | SCTP | 29118 | Circuit-switched fallback |
| X2AP | SCTP | 36422 | LTE inter-eNodeB |
| IUA | SCTP | 9900 | ISDN over IP |
| SIP | TCP/UDP/TLS | 5060, 5061 | VoIP signaling |
| MEGACO/H.248 | UDP | 2944, 2945 | Media gateway |
| MGCP | UDP | 2427, 2727 | Media gateway |
| H.323 | TCP | 1720 | Video conferencing |
| SCCP/Skinny | TCP | 2000, 2443 | Cisco IP phones |
| IAX2 | UDP | 4569 | Asterisk protocol |
| GTP-C | UDP | 2123 | GPRS control |
| GTP-U | UDP | 2152 | GPRS user plane |
| GTP' | UDP | 3386 | GPRS charging |
| PFCP | UDP | 8805 | 5G user plane |
### VPN & Security (11)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| SSH | TCP | 22, 2222 |
| OpenVPN | UDP | 1194 |
| WireGuard | UDP | 51820 |
| IPsec/IKEv2 | UDP | 500, 4500 |
| L2TP | UDP | 1701 |
| SSTP | TCP | 443 |
| GlobalProtect | HTTP | 443 |
| AnyConnect | HTTP | 443 |
| FortiGate | HTTP | 443 |
| STUN/TURN | UDP | 3478, 5349 |
| Kerberos | TCP | 88 |
### Remote Access & Management (10)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| RDP | TCP/TLS | 3389 |
| VNC | TCP | 5900 |
| Telnet | TCP | 23 |
| WinRM | HTTP | 5985, 5986 |
| IPMI | UDP | 623 |
| SNMP | UDP | 161 |
| Zabbix Agent | TCP | 10050 |
| NRPE | TCP/TLS | 5666 |
| Docker | TCP/TLS | 2375, 2376 |
| X11 | TCP | 6000-6063 |
### Developer Tools (8)
| Protocol | Transport | Default Ports |
|----------|-----------|---------------|
| HTTP/HTTPS | TCP | 80, 443, 8080, 8443 |
| Java RMI | TCP | 1099 |
| JDWP | TCP | 5005 |
| RTSP | TCP | 554 |
| Linux RPC | TCP | 111 |
| JetDirect | TCP | 9100 |
| CUPS/IPP | TCP | 631 |
| SonarQube | TCP | 9000 |
## Library Usage
Import Nerva into your Go applications:
```go
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"log"
"net/netip"
"time"
"github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/pkg/plugins"
"github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/pkg/scan"
)
func main() {
// Configure scan
config := scan.Config{
DefaultTimeout: 2 * time.Second,
FastMode: false,
UDP: false,
Proxy: "socks5://127.0.0.1:1080", // optional
ProxyAuth: "username:password", // optional
DNSOrder: "p", // resolver strategy
}
// Create target
ip, _ := netip.ParseAddr("93.184.216.34")
target := plugins.Target{
Address: netip.AddrPortFrom(ip, 22),
Host: "example.com",
}
// Run scan
results, err := scan.ScanTargets(context.Background(), []plugins.Target{target}, config)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Process results
for _, result := range results {
fmt.Printf("%s:%d - %s (%s)\n",
result.Host, result.Port,
result.Protocol, result.Transport)
}
}
```
See [examples/service-fingerprinting-example.go](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/blob/main/examples/service-fingerprinting-example.go) for a complete working example.
## Use Cases
### Penetration Testing
Rapidly fingerprint services discovered during reconnaissance to identify potential attack vectors.
### Asset Discovery Pipelines
Combine with Naabu or Masscan for large-scale asset inventory:
```sh
naabu -host 10.0.0.0/24 -silent | nerva --json | jq '.protocol'
```
### CI/CD Security Scanning
Integrate into deployment pipelines to verify only expected services are exposed.
### Bug Bounty Reconnaissance
Quickly enumerate services across scope targets to find interesting endpoints.
### Telecom Network Analysis
Fingerprint Diameter nodes in LTE/5G networks using SCTP transport (Linux):
```sh
nerva -t mme.telecom.local:3868 -S --json
```
## Architecture
```mermaid
graph LR
A[host:port input] --> B[Target Parser]
B --> C[Scan Engine]
C --> D{Transport}
D -->|TCP| E[TCP Plugins]
D -->|UDP| F[UDP Plugins]
D -->|SCTP| G[SCTP Plugins]
E --> H[Service Detection]
F --> H
G --> H
H --> I[Metadata Extraction]
I --> J[JSON/CSV/Text Output]
```
## Why Nerva?
### vs Nmap
- **Smarter defaults**: Nerva checks the most likely protocol first based on port number
- **Structured output**: Native JSON/CSV support for easy parsing and pipeline integration
- **Focused**: Service fingerprinting only — pair with dedicated port scanners for discovery
### vs zgrab2
- **Auto-detection**: No need to specify protocol ahead of time
- **Simpler usage**: `nerva -t host:port` vs `echo host | zgrab2 http -p port`
## Troubleshooting
### No output
**Cause**: Port is closed or no supported service detected.
**Solution**: Verify the port is open:
```sh
nc -zv example.com 80
```
### Timeout errors
**Cause**: Default 2-second timeout too short for slow services.
**Solution**: Increase timeout:
```sh
nerva -t example.com:80 -w 5000 # 5 seconds
```
### UDP services not detected
**Cause**: UDP scanning disabled by default.
**Solution**: Enable with `-U` flag (may require root):
```sh
sudo nerva -t example.com:53 -U
```
### SCTP not working
**Cause**: SCTP only supported on Linux.
**Solution**: Run on a Linux system or container:
```sh
docker run --rm nerva -t telecom:3868 -S
```
## Terminology
- **Service**: A network service running on a port (SSH, HTTP, PostgreSQL, etc.)
- **Fingerprinting**: Detecting and identifying the service type, version, and configuration
- **Plugin**: A protocol-specific detection module
- **Fast Mode**: Scanning only the default port for each protocol (80/20 optimization)
- **Transport**: Network layer protocol (TCP, UDP, or SCTP)
## Support
If you find Nerva useful, please consider giving it a star:
[](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva)
## Contributing
We welcome contributions! See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) for guidelines.
## License
Apache 2.0 — see [LICENSE](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/nerva/blob/main/LICENSE) for details.
## Acknowledgements
Nerva is a maintained fork of [fingerprintx](https://github.com/praetorian-inc/fingerprintx), originally developed by Praetorian's intern class of 2022:
* [Soham Roy](https://github.com/praetorian-sohamroy)
* [Jue Huang](https://github.com/jue-huang)
* [Henry Jung](https://github.com/henryjung64)
* [Tristan Wiesepape](https://github.com/qwetboy10)
* [Joseph Henry](https://github.com/jwhenry28)
* [Noah Tutt](https://github.com/noahtutt)
* [Nathan Sportsman](https://github.com/nsportsman)