Nozioni di base e generali sui TEE

• Introduzione al Trusted Execution Environment: la TrustZone di ARM

  • https://blog.quarkslab.com/introduction-to-trusted-execution-environment-arms-trustzone.html

• Introduzione ai TEE (titolo originale: TEEを中心とするCPUセキュリティ機能の動向 )

  • https://seminar-materials.iijlab.net/iijlab-seminar/iijlab-seminar-20181120.pdf

• Attaccare la TrustZone di ARM

  • https://blog.quarkslab.com/attacking-the-arms-trustzone.html

• White paper sulla sicurezza di ARM TrustZone

  • http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.prd29-genc-009492c/PRD29-GENC-009492C_trustzone_security_whitepaper.pdf

• Sito web ARM TrustZone

  • https://developer.arm.com/ip-products/security-ip/trustzone

• TrustZone spiegata: caratteristiche architetturali e casi d'uso

  • http://sefcom.asu.edu/publications/trustzone-explained-cic2016.pdf

• Esecuzione affidabile sui dispositivi mobili

  • https://netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/paper-hyperphone-TRUST-2012.pdf

• Demistificare ARM TrustZone : un'indagine completa

  • https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nuno_Santos9/publication/330696364_Demystifying_Arm_TrustZone_A_Comprehensive_Survey/links/5c6ff1a792851c6950379cdd/Demystifying-Arm-TrustZone-A-Comprehensive-Survey.pdf

• Comprendere i Trusted Execution Environment e Arm TrustZone (di Azeria)

  • https://azeria-labs.com/trusted-execution-environments-tee-and-trustzone/

• SoK: comprendere le vulnerabilità di sicurezza prevalenti nei sistemi TEE assistiti da TrustZone

  • https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/pfonseca/papers/sp2020-tees.pdf

• Prendere a calci la sicurezza mobile (di Jonathan Levin)

  • https://papers.put.as/papers/ios/2016/TrustZone.pdf

• La corsa di ARM verso TrustZone (di Jonathan Levin)

  • http://technologeeks.com/files/TZ.pdf

Exploit sui TEE/Analisi della sicurezza

HiSilicon/Huawei (TrustedCore)

• Sfruttare TrustZone su Android (BH-US 2015) di Di Shen(@returnsme)

  • https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Shen-Attacking-Your-Trusted-Core-Exploiting-Trustzone-On-Android-wp.pdf

• EL3 Tour : Ottenere il privilegio supremo del telefono Android (Infiltrate19)

  • https://speakerdeck.com/hhj4ck/el3-tour-get-the-ultimate-privilege-of-android-phone
  • Articolo : infiltrate.pdf
  • video: https://vimeo.com/335948808

• Nailgun: infrangere l'isolamento dei privilegi nei dispositivi ARM (solo PoC #2)

  • https://github.com/ningzhenyu/nailgun

• Nick Stephens : come fa qualcuno a sbloccare il tuo telefono con il naso. (dà un quadro generale delle comunicazioni e degli exploit NWd <> SWd) GeekPwn 2016

  • https://fr.slideshare.net/GeekPwnKeen/nick-stephenshow-does-someone-unlock-your-phone-with-nose

Qualcomm (QSEE)

• Riflessioni sulla fiducia in TrustZone (2014)

  • https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Rosenberg-Reflections-on-Trusting-TrustZone.pdf

• Ottenere l'esecuzione di codice arbitrario nel kernel di TrustZone da qualsiasi contesto (28/03/2015)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2015/03/getting-arbitrary-code-execution-in.html

• Esplorare l'implementazione di TrustZone di Qualcomm (04/08/2015)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2015/08/exploring-qualcomms-trustzone.html

• Exploit completo di TrustZone per MSM8974 (10/08/2015)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2015/08/full-trustzone-exploit-for-msm8974.html

• Escalation dei privilegi nel kernel di TrustZone (CVE-2016-2431)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/06/trustzone-kernel-privilege-escalation.html

• War of the Worlds - Dirottare il kernel Linux da QSEE

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html

• Vulnerabilità di escalation dei privilegi in QSEE ed exploit (CVE-2015-6639)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/05/qsee-privilege-escalation-vulnerability.html

• Esplorare l'ambiente di esecuzione sicuro di Qualcomm (26/04/2016)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/04/exploring-qualcomms-secure-execution.html

• Escalation dei privilegi su Android verso mediaserver da zero permessi (CVE-2014-7920 + CVE-2014-7921)

  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/01/android-privilege-escalation-to.html

Motorola (Qualcomm SoC)

• Sbloccare il bootloader Motorola (10/02/2016)
  • http://bits-please.blogspot.com/2016/02/unlocking-motorola-bootloader.html

HTC (Qualcomm SoC)

• Qui ci sono draghi: vulnerabilità in TrustZone (14/08/2014)
  • https://atredispartners.blogspot.com/2014/08/here-be-dragons-vulnerabilities-in.html

Trustonic (Kinibi e MobiCore)

• Il tuo telefono fuori dalla scatola: Parti I, II e III

  • https://medium.com/taszksec/unbox-your-phone-part-i-331bbf44c30c
  • https://medium.com/taszksec/unbox-your-phone-part-ii-ae66e779b1d6
  • https://medium.com/taszksec/unbox-your-phone-part-iii-7436ffaff7c7
  • https://github.com/puppykitten/tbase
  • https://github.com/puppykitten/tbase/blob/master/unboxyourphone_ekoparty.pdf

• KINIBI TEE: sfruttamento delle Trusted Application (2018-12-10)

  • https://www.synacktiv.com/posts/exploit/kinibi-tee-trusted-application-exploitation.html

• Sfruttamento dei TEE sui dispositivi Samsung Exynos di Eloi Sanfelix: Parti I, II, III, IV

  • https://labs.bluefrostsecurity.de/blog/2019/05/27/tee-exploitation-on-samsung-exynos-devices-introduction/
  • https://labs.bluefrostsecurity.de/files/TEE.pdf
  • video: (Infiltrate 2019) https://vimeo.com/335947683

• Infrangere la TrustZone ARM di Samsung (BlackHat USA 2019)

  • slide: https://i.blackhat.com/USA-19/Thursday/us-19-Peterlin-Breaking-Samsungs-ARM-TrustZone.pdf
  • video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXH5LJGRwXI&list=PLH15HpR5qRsWrfkjwFSI256x1u2Zy49VI&index=30

• Avviare il fuzzing guidato dal feedback sui TEE basati su TrustZone (HITBGSEC2019)

  • https://gsec.hitb.org/materials/sg2019/D2%20-%20Launching%20Feedback-Driven%20Fuzzing%20on%20TrustZone%20TEE%20-%20Andrey%20Akimov.pdf

Samsung (TEEGRIS)

• Infrangere la sicurezza dei TEE :

  • (Parte 1 - Introduzione) https://www.riscure.com/blog/tee-security-samsung-teegris-part-1
  • (Parte 2 - Sfruttare le TA) https://www.riscure.com/blog/tee-security-samsung-teegris-part-2
  • (Parte 3 - EoP dalle TA al TOS) https://www.riscure.com/blog/tee-security-samsung-teegris-part-3

• Reverse engineering del bootloader e della TZ del Samsung Exynos 9820 di @astarasikov

  • http://allsoftwaresucks.blogspot.com/2019/05/reverse-engineering-samsung-exynos-9820.html

• Caccia ai bug nel FW 10ADAB1E dell’S21 (OffensiveCon 2022)

  • https://www.dropbox.com/s/2f14ga52jguu5cy/OffensiveCon%202022%20-%20Bug%20Hunting%20S21s%2010ADAB1E%20FW.pdf?dl=0

• Imparare dal vecchio bug del Trustlet Exynos di Samsung di @TwizzyIndy

  • https://twizzyindy.github.io/android/exynos/2026/01/06/learning-exynos-trustlet-en.html

Apple (Secure Enclave)

• Demistificare il Secure Enclave Processor di Tarjei Mandt, Mathew Solnik e David Wang
  • http://mista.nu/research/sep-paper.pdf
  • slide https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-16/materials/us-16-Mandt-Demystifying-The-Secure-Enclave-Processor.pdf

Intel (Intel SGX)

• Intel SGX spiegato da Victor Costan e Srinivas Devadas
  • https://css.csail.mit.edu/6.858/2017/readings/costan-sgx.pdf

Fuzzing dei TEE

• PARTEMU: abilitare l'analisi dinamica del software TrustZone del mondo reale tramite emulazione

  • https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rohanpadhye/files/partemu-usenixsec20.pdf

• La strada verso il fuzzing delle app TrustZone di Qualcomm

  • https://research.checkpoint.com/the-road-to-qualcomm-trustzone-apps-fuzzing/
  • https://cfp.recon.cx/media/tz_apps_fuzz.pdf

• Avviare il fuzzing guidato dal feedback sui TEE basati su TrustZone (HITB GSEC 2019 Singapore)

  • slide: https://gsec.hitb.org/materials/sg2019/D2%20-%20Launching%20Feedback-Driven%20Fuzzing%20on%20TrustZone%20TEE%20-%20Andrey%20Akimov.pdf
  • video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yb7KGznzczs

• Fuzzing dei sistemi operativi embedded (fidati) usando AFL (Martijn Bogaard | nullcon Goa 2019) OP-TEE

  • slide: https://nullcon.net/website/archives/pdf/bangalore-2019/fuzzing-embedded-(trusted)-operating-systems%20using-AFL.pdf
  • video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZhxZlwZ160
  • webinar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=ROyD9RTMePA

• SAN19-225 Fuzzing dei sistemi operativi embedded (fidati) usando AFL (Martijn Bogaard) OP-TEE

  • video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bYAwaJ7WZw

Secure Boot nei TEE

• Reverse engineering dell'SBOOT del Samsung S6 - Parte I e II

  • https://blog.quarkslab.com/reverse-engineering-samsung-s6-sboot-part-i.html
  • https://blog.quarkslab.com/reverse-engineering-samsung-s6-sboot-part-ii.html

• Inizializzazione sicura dei TEE: quando il secure boot non basta (EuskalHack 2017)

  • https://www.riscure.com/uploads/2017/08/euskalhack_2017_-_secure_initialization_of_tees_when_secure_boot_falls_short.pdf

• SoC Amlogic S905: bypassare il Secure Boot (non proprio) sicuro per estrarre la BootROM

  • https://fredericb.info/2016/10/amlogic-s905-soc-bypassing-not-so.html#amlogic-s905-soc-bypassing-not-so

• Panoramica tecnica del Secure Boot e dell'autenticazione delle immagini di Qualcomm

  • https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/secure-boot-and-image-authentication-technical-overview-v20

• Infrangere la Root of Trust di Samsung - Sfruttare il Secure Boot di Samsung (BlackHat 2020)

  • https://teamt5.org/en/posts/blackhat-s-talk-breaking-samsung-s-root-of-trust-exploiting-samsung-secure-boot/

• Panoramica dello stato del Secure Boot nei SoC basati su ARM (Hardware-Aided Trusted Computing devroom - Maciej Pijanowski- FOSDEM 2021)

  • https://archive.fosdem.org/2021/schedule/event/tee_arm_secboot/attachments/paper/4635/export/events/attachments/tee_arm_secboot/paper/4635/Overview_of_Secure_Boot_in_Arm_based_SoCs.pdf

• Immergersi nella caccia ai bug e nel fuzzing delle TA Android (Kanxue SDC 2023) - https://github.com/guluisacat/MySlides/blob/main/KanxueSDC2023/%E3%80%90%E8%AE%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%91%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5Android%E5%8F%AF%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98.pdf

Video sui TEE

• Ekoparty-13 (2017) Daniel Komaromy - Il tuo telefono fuori dalla scatola - Esplorare e infrangere le sandbox TrustZone di Samsung

  • video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2Mo8WcmmZo
  • slide: https://github.com/puppykitten/tbase/blob/master/unboxyourphone_ekoparty.pdf

• Daniel Komaromy - Entrare nello Snapdragon (2014-10-11)

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wJRnewVE-g

• BSides DC 2018 e DerbiCon VIII - Sul naso: bypassare l'autenticazione tramite impronte digitali di Huawei sfruttando la TrustZone di Nick Stephens

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFFhdqP7Dxg
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdoGCXGHGnY

• Un'infestazione di draghi: esplorare le vulnerabilità nell'architettura ARM TrustZone di Josh Thomas e Charles Holmes all'Android Security Symposium di Vienna, Austria, 9-11 settembre 2015

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxNGgOR-iVM

• Android e ambienti di esecuzione affidabili di Jan-Erik Ekberg (Trustonic) all'Android Security Symposium di Vienna, Austria, 9-11 settembre 2015

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5542lEk3OAM

• 34C3 2017 - Console Security - Switch di Plutoo, Derrek e Naehrwert

  • https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8941-console_security_-_switch

• 34C3 2017 - TrustZone non basta di Pascal Cotret

  • https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8831-trustzone_is_not_enough

• RootedCON 2017 - Quello che tua madre non ti ha mai detto sul Trusted Execution Environment... di José A. Rivas

  • audio originale in spagnolo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzrIzS84mdk

Attacchi microarchitetturali applicati ai TEE

• ARMageddon: attacchi alla cache sui dispositivi mobili

  • [Articolo] https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity16/sec16_paper_lipp.pdf
  • [Strumento correlato] https://github.com/IAIK/armageddon

• Canali di storage della cache: attacchi basati su alias e contromisure verificate.

  • https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.641701.1550155969!/R.Guanciale.pdf

• 34C3 - Attacchi microarchitetturali ai Trusted Execution Environment

  • https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8950-microarchitectural_attacks_on_trusted_execution_environments

• TruSpy: fuga di informazioni tramite canale laterale della cache dal mondo sicuro sui dispositivi ARM

  • https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/980.pdf

Strumenti

Emulazione

• Supporto QEMU per l'S-Boot dell'Exynos9820

  • https://github.com/astarasikov/qemu

• Emulare la BootROM dell'Exynos 4210 in QEMU

  • https://fredericb.info/2018/03/emulating-exynos-4210-bootrom-in-qemu.html#emulating-exynos-4210-bootrom-in-qemu

Reverse engineering

• Unpacker TZAR

  • https://gist.github.com/astarasikov/f47cb7f46b5193872f376fa0ea842e4b#file-unpack_startup_tzar-py

• IDA MCLF Loader

  • https://github.com/ghassani/mclf-ida-loader

• Ghidra MCLF Loader

  • https://github.com/NeatMonster/mclf-ghidra-loader

Altre risorse utili

• ARM Trusted Firmware: implementazione di riferimento del mondo sicuro per Cortex A e Cortex M

  • https://www.trustedfirmware.org/

• OP-TEE: TEE open source basato su ARM TrustZone

  • https://www.op-tee.org/

• Problemi di fiducia: sfruttare i TEE basati su TrustZone del Project Zero Team

  • https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/07/trust-issues-exploiting-trustzone-tees.html

• Boomerang: sfruttare il divario semantico nei Trusted Execution Environment (A.Machiry) 2017

  • https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f62b/db9f1950329f59dc467238737d2de1a1bac4.pdf (slide)
  • http://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~cspensky/pdfs/ndss17-final227.pdf (articolo)
  • https://github.com/ucsb-seclab/boomerang (strumento)

• TEE research (alcuni plugin IDA e Ghidra utili per la ricerca sui TEE)

  • https://github.com/bkerler/tee_research