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research-cve-2026-85649 — [MIRROR] The CVE-2026-85649 Security Research Publication. | Kitploit
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GitHubchewkeanho/research-cve-2026-85649

research-cve-2026-85649

[MIRROR] The CVE-2026-85649 Security Research Publication.

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CVE-2026-85649 | (Holloway) Chew, Kean Ho's Knowledge Research

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On 2026-08-26, a security vulnerability (CVSS: 7.9, High[7]) was reported in (Holloway) Chew, Kean Ho's Actualizer v1.2.0 and below. The tool assumed that the mkpasswd command always produces a valid yescrypt password hash. In situations where the installed mkpasswd lacks yescrypt support, the command instead fails and yields an empty value. Due to this logic flaw, the empty value was passed through unchecked and ended up as the password in the built image. As a result, both the root and alpha user accounts of the downstream image permit password-less login. This means v1.2.0 and below are vulnerable to:

  • CWE-636: "Not Failing Securely (Failing Open)" — primary defect[2]; AND
  • CWE-252: "Unchecked Return Value" — secondary defect[3].

    • The remedy was developed and published as (Holloway) Chew, Kean Ho's Actualizer v1.2.1 on 2026-08-27 ahead of public disclosure. Users only need to use v1.2.1 and above — that is all. Beyond that, this research paper documents the entire security incident in detail for educational and reference purposes only.

    Verifying Content Integrity

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    To secure the content from unauthorized modification by anyone down to bit-level (0|1), they are cryptographically signed using one or more cryptography tools such as but not limited to:

    • GnuPG; AND/OR
    • OpenSSL.

    The public key and the associated certificate are attached. Only the main owner keeps and maintains the private keys. To verify the content's integrity:

    GnuPG

    1. Install GnuPG software if not present.
    2. Download the target file and its detached signature file (the .asc file with the same filename).
    3. Download the public key file (.gpg).
    4. Place them next to each other in the directory.
    5. Open a terminal and execute the following command:
    root@kitploit:~
    $ gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring /path/to/public.gpg --verify /path/to/file.asc

    OpenSSL

    1. Install OpenSSL software if not present.
    2. Download the target file and its detached signature file (the .sig/.sign file with the same filename).
    3. Download the public certificate file (.pem) containing the public key within.
    4. Place them next to each other in the directory.
    5. Open a terminal and execute the following command:
    root@kitploit:~
    $ openssl dgst -verify /path/to/pubkey.pem -signature /path/to/file.sig /path/to/file

    Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) Decrees

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    Please refer to AI_DECREES.md for the project's policy on the use of Artificial Intelligence.

    Maintainers' Notes

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    Please refer to CONTRIBUTING.md for contributing & maintenances guidelines.

    License

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    • Agreed GIMP License
    • Agreed GIMP Privacy Policy
    • Agreed Inkscape License
    • Agreed Inkscape Privacy Policy
    • Agreed LibreOffice License
    • Agreed LibreOffice Privacy Policy

    This entire repository is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To ensure better understanding of this license, the following sub-sections will briefly describe how to deploy the content.

    For registered non-profit organizations (NGO), you are considered a Commercial Entity the same as any for-profit organization by default. However, you will be eligible for the NGO disbursement grant and receive exception privileges from the creator(s).

    Attribution

    Unless otherwise specified in writing, you MUST attribute back to the creator(s) as follows:

    root@kitploit:~
    Title: CVE-2026-85649
Creators: (Holloway) Chew, Kean Ho
Packaged-By: (Holloway) Chew, Kean Ho
Contact: [email protected]
CVD ID: CVE-2026-85649
GCVE ID: GCVE-1-2026-20023
GitHub Advisory ID: GHSA-3757-943V-G3C5
SKU: chewkeanho-research-cve-2026-85649
UUID: A90E844A-9BB6-483A-AAEC-2C77C9C3649F
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22169659
License: Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0)
Repository Made On: 2026-08-31
Repository Made From: Malaysia, South East Asia
Procure: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22169659

    Ownership - Personal

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to own a copy of the content and then only he/she is using it without sharing with any 3rd-party entity; AND WITHOUT any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • Saving a local copy and then viewing via his/her own mobile device(s); OR
    • Saving a local copy and then viewing via his/her own personal computer; OR
    • Saving a local copy for artificial intelligence data training purposes.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Ownership - Commercial

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to own a copy of the content and then only he/she is using it without sharing with any 3rd-party entity; AND WITH any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • Saving a local copy for enhancing his/her company's procurement list; OR
    • Saving a local copy for commercial artificial intelligence data training purposes.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Reference - Personal & Commercial

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to refer or to provide a guide for sourcing the original content for any 3rd-party entity without directly displaying any portion of the original content; WITHOUT any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • Academic research and paper writing; OR
    • New content creation linking to the original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content for his/her own streaming platform; OR
    • Content production and collection linking to original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content; OR
    • Web portfolio project linking to the original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content; OR
    • Event materials linking the original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content; OR
    • Meeting materials linking the original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content; OR
    • Advertisement contents linking the original content WITHOUT displaying any of the original content.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Integration - Personal

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to directly display portions and NOT ALL of the original content as it is OR without any composing remixes or modifications retaining the original intent, art direction and messages into his/her content creation; WITHOUT any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • New content creation with displaying portion(s) of the original content for his/her own streaming platform without any monetary gain; OR
    • Content production and collection with displaying portion(s) of the original content without any monetary gain; OR
    • Web portfolio project with displaying portion(s) of the original content without any monetary gain; OR
    • Event materials with displaying portion(s) of the original content without any monetary gain; OR
    • Meeting materials with displaying portion(s) of the original content without any monetary gain.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Integration - Commercial

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to directly display portions and NOT ALL of the original content as it is OR without any composing remixes or modifications retaining the original intent, art direction and messages into his/her content creation; WITH any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • New content creation with displaying portion(s) of the original content for his/her own streaming platform; OR
    • Content production and collection with displaying portion(s) of the original content; OR
    • Web portfolio project with displaying portion(s) of the original content; OR
    • Event materials with displaying portion(s) of the original content; OR
    • Meeting materials with displaying portion(s) of the original content; OR
    • Advertisement materials with displaying portion(s) of the original content.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Composition Remix - Personal

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to own and then modify the original content extensively preserving or altering the original intent, art direction, or message for composing his/her new content creation; WITHOUT any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • New content creation with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform WITHOUT any profits including advertisement commission; OR
    • Personal content production and collection with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform WITHOUT any profits including advertisement commission; OR
    • Personal web portfolio project with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform WITHOUT any profits including advertisement commission; OR
    • Social media meme content creation with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform WITHOUT any profits including advertisement commission.

    You are NOT ALLOWED due to the license restriction.

    Composition Remix - Commercial

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to own and then modify the original content extensively preserving or altering the original intent, art direction, or message for composing his/her new content creation; WITH any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • New content creation with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform; OR
    • Personal content production and collection with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform; OR
    • Personal web portfolio project with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform; OR
    • Social media meme content creation with digitally modified and processed original content integration for his/her own streaming platform.

    You are NOT ALLOWED due to the license restriction.

    Broadcast or Resell Redistribution - Personal

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to share, to broadcast, to re-distribute, to sell, or to re-sell the original, modified, OR derived content WITHOUT any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • Sharing with family members; OR
    • Streaming the content via any streaming platform with private viewer access; OR
    • Displaying the content in his/her gallery with privately invited guests; OR
    • Displaying the content in private, free entry open spaces like living room; OR
    • Owning a copy of the original content and serving it as downloadable content on a website in a private network (e.g. self-hosted home network); OR
    • Sharing the original content across social media or messaging applications like email or instant messenger.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

    Broadcast or Resell Redistribution - Commercial

    [!NOTE]

    This targets any customer wanting to share, to broadcast, to re-distribute, to sell, or to re-sell the original, modified, OR derived content WITH any monetary intention such as but not limited to:

    • Streaming the content via any streaming platform with public or private viewer access; OR
    • Displaying the content in any company's public events with free or payable guest invites; OR
    • Displaying the content in any company's internal/private events with free or payable guest invites; OR
    • Owning a copy of the original content and serving it as free OR payable downloadable content on his/her website in any network (Internet, Intranet, or private networks); OR
    • Sharing the original content across social media or messaging applications like email or instant messenger; OR
    • Distributing the original content via multiple profit-earning streaming platforms.

    You are ALLOWED provided that you STRICTLY COMPLY with the license attribution.

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