Chinese Cybercrime Research

Resources to learn more about Chinese-language cybercrime actors.

Phishing

• Phishing Kits
  • YYlaiyu
    https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/chinese-language-phishing-services
    https://spycloud.com/blog/yylaiyu-chinese-phishing-as-a-service-panel/
  • Darcula/Magic Cat
    https://www.mnemonic.io/resources/blog/exposing-darcula-a-rare-look-behind-the-scenes-of-a-global-phishing-as-a-service-operation
    https://www.nrk.no/spesial/inside-the-scam-network-1.17399135
    https://www.nrk.no/spesial/the-hunt-for-darcula-1.17399157
    https://www.netcraft.com/blog/ai-enabled-darcula-suite-makes-phishing-kits-more-accessible-easier-to-deploy
    https://www.netcraft.com/blog/darcula-smishing-attacks-target-usps-and-global-postal-services
    https://urlscan.io/blog/2026/05/11/CnDarcula/
  • Lighthouse
    https://www.silentpush.com/blog/smishing-triad/
    https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/01/chinese-innovations-spawn-wave-of-toll-phishing-via-sms/
    https://blog.google/company-news/outreach-and-initiatives/public-policy/legal-action-and-legislation-fight-scammers/
  • Magic Mouse/Haozai
    https://www.netcraft.com/blog/haozi-s-plug-and-play-phishing-as-a-service-has-facilitated-280-000-of-criminal-transactions https://hackmag.com/news/magic-mouse
  • Lucid
    https://catalyst.prodaft.com/public/report/lucid/overview
  • CoGUI
    https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/cogui-phish-kit-targets-japan-millions-messages
    https://jsac.jpcert.or.jp/archive/2026/pdf/JSAC2026_2_2_%20shadow_liu-lime_chen-albert_song_en.pdf
    https://urlscan.io/blog/2026/06/01/CnOrientalGudgeon/
    https://urlscan.io/blog/2025/05/06/oriental-gudgeon/
  • Doggo/ xiū gǒu
    https://www.netcraft.com/blog/doggo-threat-actor-analysis
  • Sailor Framework
    https://urlscan.io/blog/2026/05/04/CnSailor/
• Bulk SMS
  https://garwarner.blogspot.com/2025/09/sms-pools-and-what-us-secret-service.html
  https://garwarner.blogspot.com/2025/08/chinese-sms-spammers-go-mobile.html
  https://www.resecurity.com/blog/article/smishing-triad-is-now-targeting-toll-payment-services-in-a-massive-fraud-campaign-expansion
• Other
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/11/google-sues-to-disrupt-chinese-sms-phishing-triad/
  https://urlscan.io/blog/2026/04/27/CnIntro/
  https://www.group-ib.com/blog/toll-of-deception/

Carding/Money Laundering

• Ghost Tap
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/03/arrests-in-tap-to-pay-scheme-powered-by-phishing/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/02/how-phished-data-turns-into-apple-google-wallets/
  https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/ghost-tap-new-cash-out-tactic-with-nfc-relay
  https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/ghost-tapping-chinese-criminal-ecosystem
  https://www.group-ib.com/blog/ghost-tapped-chinese-malware/
• Bank Accounts & Ramp-and-Dump
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/04/china-based-sms-phishing-triad-pivots-to-banks/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2025/08/mobile-phishers-target-brokerage-accounts-in-ramp-and-dump-cashout-scheme/
• Other
  https://www.trmlabs.com/reports-and-whitepapers/shadow-bankers
  https://garwarner.blogspot.com/2026/02/chinese-money-laundering-jargon-via.html

Scams

• Scam Compounds
  https://www.uscc.gov/research/protecting-americans-china-linked-scam-centers-update-emerging-trends
  https://www.unodc.org/roseap/uploads/documents/Publications/2025/Inflection_Point_2025.pdf
  https://www.infoblox.com/blog/threat-intelligence/scams-slaves-and-malware-as-a-service-tracking-a-trojan-to-cambodias-scam-centers/
  https://www.wired.com/story/child-sextorition-scam-compounds-southeast-asia/
  https://www.wired.com/story/starlink-scam-compounds/
  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw076g5wnr3o
• Links to Africa
  https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68777137
  https://adf-magazine.com/2025/06/chinese-cybercrime-networks-spread-like-a-cancer-into-africa/
• Illegal Gambling Operations
  https://insights.infoblox.com/resources-report/infoblox-report-vigorish-viper-a-venomous-bet
• Scams Targeting Chinese Expats
  https://www.voanews.com/a/cyber-kidnapping-scams-target-chinese-students-around-the-world/7432998.html
  https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/scam-alert/chinese-language-robocall-scams
• Fake/Scam E-Commerce
  https://www.theguardian.com/money/article/2024/may/08/chinese-network-behind-one-of-worlds-largest-online-scams
  https://www.group-ib.com/blog/ghost-stadium-football-fraud/
• Other
  https://spycloud.com/blog/year-of-the-trojan-horse-digital-red-envelope-scams-schemes-and-fraud/
  https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/jt0fs1z0585j

Cybercrime Forums & Data Leaks

• Chinese Cybercrime Forums
  https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/russian-chinese-hacking-communities
  https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/restrictive-laws-push-chinese-cybercrime-toward-novel-monetization-techniques
• Chinese Data Leaks on International Forums
  https://spycloud.com/blog/state-secrets-for-sale-chinese-hacking/
  https://www.nattothoughts.com/p/indictments-and-leaks-different-but
  https://medium.com/s2wblog/story-of-h2-2023-a-deep-dive-into-data-leakage-and-commerce-in-chinese-telegram-2f5d0df1dafc
  https://netaskari.substack.com/p/chinas-massive-data-leak-of-military
  https://netaskari.substack.com/p/knownsec-breach-what-we-know-so-far
• Stolen and Insider-Acquired Data
  https://www.wired.com/story/chineses-surveillance-state-is-selling-citizens-data-as-a-side-hustle/
  https://spycloud.com/blog/growing-chinese-threat-actor-ecosystem/
  https://spycloud.com/blog/deep-dive-chinese-cybercrime-ecosystem/
  https://spycloud.com/blog/inside-the-chinese-data-leak/
  https://spycloud.com/blog/the-largest-known-chinese-pii-data-leak/
  https://spycloud.com/blog/insights-from-leaked-chinese-national-id-numbers/
  https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_25611279
• Gray Market
  https://www.chinatalk.media/p/how-to-buy-cheap-claude-tokens-in

Guarantee Groups

• Huione Group/Prince Group
  https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0278
  https://moneyandbanking.co.th/en/2025/189857/
  https://www.elliptic.co/blog/huione-largest-ever-illicit-online-marketplace-stablecoin
  https://www.elliptic.co/blog/cyber-scam-marketplace
  https://www.elliptic.co/blog/telegram-dark-markets-expand-to-fill-the-gap-left-by-huione-guarantee
• Other
  https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/evolution-of-the-chinese-language
  https://www.404media.co/hello-boss-inside-the-chinese-realtime-deepfake-software-powering-scams-around-the-world/
  https://www.elliptic.co/blog/tudou-guarantee-winds-down-operations-after-12-billion-in-transactions
  https://www.elliptic.co/blog/xinbi-guarantee
  https://garwarner.blogspot.com/2025/09/chinese-guarantee-syndicates-and-fruit.html

Links to Chinese APTs

• Contemporary APT Operators Moonlighting in Cybercrime
  https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/apt41-dual-espionage-and-cyber-crime-operation
  https://intrusiontruth.wordpress.com/2024/08/07/is-the-ccp-the-biggest-apt/
  https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/chinese-espionage-ransomware
  https://i.blackhat.com/Asia-22/Friday-Materials/AS-22-Li-To-Loot-Or-Not-To-Loot-That-Is-Not-a-Question.pdf
  https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2024/papers/Down-the-GRAYRABBIT-hole-exposing-UNC3569-and-its-modus-operandi.pdf
  https://jsac.jpcert.or.jp/archive/2025/pdf/JSAC2025_1_1_steve_aragon_chi-yu.pdf
• Patriotic Hackers / Red Hackers
  https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/40-red-hackers-who-shaped-chinas-cyber-ecosystem
  https://github.com/curated-intel/CTI-fundamentals/blob/main/Archive/the-dark-visitor-inside-the-world-of-chinese-hackers.pdf
  https://www.nattothoughts.com/p/few-and-far-between-during-chinas

Residential Proxy Services & Botnets

• Airports
  https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.18427
• 911s5
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2022/07/a-deep-dive-into-the-residential-proxy-service-911/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2024/05/treasury-sanctions-creators-of-911-s5-proxy-botnet/
  https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/911-s5-botnet-dismantled-and-its-administrator-arrested-coordinated-international-operation
• Kimwolf [NOTE: The Operators of the KimWolf botnet were not themselves Chinese, but they exploited devices by relaying malicious commands to insecure devices on the local networks of proxy endpoints of Chinese residential proxy services like IPIDEA and Plainproxies. They also hacked BADBOX 2.0. Thus, they are significantly linked to the CN Residential Proxy space.]
  https://blog.xlab.qianxin.com/kimwolf-botnet-en/
  https://synthient.com/blog/a-broken-system-fueling-botnets
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2026/01/the-kimwolf-botnet-is-stalking-your-local-network/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2026/01/who-benefited-from-the-aisuru-and-kimwolf-botnets/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2026/02/who-is-the-kimwolf-botmaster-dort/
  https://www.infoblox.com/blog/threat-intelligence/kimwolf-howls-from-inside-the-enterprise/
  https://www.justice.gov/usao-ak/pr/canadian-man-arrested-international-authorities-charged-administrating-kimwolf-ddos
• IPIDEA
  https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/disrupting-largest-residential-proxy-network
• BADBOX
  https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/23/e/lemon-group-cybercriminal-businesses-built-on-preinfected-devices.html
  https://www.humansecurity.com/learn/blog/satori-threat-intelligence-disruption-badbox-2-0/
  https://krebsonsecurity.com/2026/01/who-operates-the-badbox-2-0-botnet/
• Other
  https://spur.us/blog/how-spur-uncovered-a-chinese-proxy-and-vpn-service-used-in-an-apt-campaign

Malware

• ZhongStealer / Golden Gh0st RAT
  https://any.run/cybersecurity-blog/zhong-stealer-malware-analysis/
  https://bsky.app/profile/squiblydoo.bsky.social/post/3mjwerqal4m2p
  https://expel.com/blog/introducing-cylindricalcanine/
• Silver Fox / Winos 4.0
  • General
    https://threatbook.io/blog/silver-fox-not-an-organization-but-a-tool-uncovering-the-underground-ecosystem
  • As deployed by "Void Arachne"
    https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/f/behind-the-great-wall-void-arachne-targets-chinese-speaking-user.html
  • As deployed by GoldenEye Dog(APT-Q-27)
    https://ti.qianxin.com/blog/articles/apt-q-27-gang-recent-use-of-silver-fox-trojan-stealing-activities-en/
  • ValleyRAT
    https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/chinese-malware-appears-earnest-across-cybercrime-threat-landscape
• AtlasRAT
  • Atlas RAT
    https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/ta4922-suspected-chinese-crime-group-going-global
• GoldFactory (Android & iOS Banking Trojans)
  https://www.group-ib.com/blog/goldfactory-ios-trojan/
  https://www.group-ib.com/blog/turning-apps-into-gold/

Other Useful Resources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Internet_slang