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CVE-2025-54887

CriticalPublished

jwe: Missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWEs

Published: Aug 8, 2025
Updated: Aug 8, 2025
Assigning CNA: GitHub_M
Evidence observed: Aug 8, 2026

Primary CVSS

9.1/ 10Critical

nvd · CVSS 3.1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

EPSS probability estimate

0.3%

Low · next 30 days

Percentile: 17.0%
Model date: Sep 21, 2026

EPSS is a statistical estimate, not a certainty or a measure of impact. Combine it with CVSS, KEV status, exposure and your environment.

Summary

jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.

Sources

PoC_CVE-2025-54887PoC
Proof of Concept for CVE-2025-54887

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